{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‐203 plays multifaceted roles in cancer, with its dysregulation documented in a wide spectrum of tumor types. In several studies, aberrant miR‐203 expression was shown to modulate critical oncogenic pathways—acting as a tumor suppressor in cancers such as gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, oral, laryngeal, and non‐small cell lung cancer—by targeting key mediators of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell proliferation (e.g., SMAD3, DTL, PKCθ, DUSP5, and BMI1). For instance, in colon cancer liver metastasis, the downregulation of the lncRNA B3GALT5‐AS1 leads to de‐repression of miR‐203, which in turn affects downstream EMT regulators (ZEB2 and SNAI2) and metastasis. Conversely, in ovarian and breast cancers, elevated miR‐203 levels can inhibit tumor‐suppressive proteins, thereby promoting malignant properties. Collectively, these findings underscore the context‐dependent, dual oncogenic and tumor‐suppressive functions of miR‐203 in carcinogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its roles in tumor cell regulation, miR‐203 is implicated in inflammatory signaling and metabolic homeostasis. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, for example, miR‐203 directly targets TAK1 and PIK3CA to suppress NF‐κB signaling and modulate inflammatory mediator production. In chondrocytes, the targeting of estrogen receptor α by miR‐203 suggests a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, exposure to chemical insults such as sulfur mustard results in the upregulation of miR‐203 in keratinocytes, which contributes to impaired proliferation and premature differentiation. In a metabolic context, protein malnutrition has been shown to downregulate hepatic miR‐203, leading to increased expression of the β‐oxidation regulator Hadhb and altered fatty acid metabolism."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‐203 also functions as an extracellular mediator that influences intercellular communication and systemic biological responses. In metastatic settings, secreted extracellular vesicles enriched in miR‐203 derived from endothelial cells have been shown to suppress non‐small cell lung cancer progression by targeting DTL and enhancing the stability of the tumor suppressor p21. Altered miR‐203 profiles have been observed in biological fluids, such as in gingival crevicular fluid where they may contribute to periodontal disease, and in tears where they likely partake in corneal epithelial homeostasis. Notably, extracellular miR‐203b‐3p has been demonstrated to promote itch through activation of the 5‐HTR2B/TRPV4 signaling axis, emphasizing its role as a paracrine effector in sensory modulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "22", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mingxi Xu, Meng Gu, Ke Zhang, et al. 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