{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‐208b, an evolutionarily conserved cardiac‐enriched microRNA, has emerged as a promising circulating biomarker in cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that altered levels of miR‐208b in plasma can aid in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome, with its expression changes correlating with adverse clinical outcomes. These findings highlight its diagnostic and prognostic potential as a minimally invasive biomarker in the evaluation of cardiac pathology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its utility as a biomarker, miR‐208b directly contributes to cardiac remodeling. In chronic atrial fibrillation, upregulated miR‐208b expression in atrial myocytes has been shown to impair calcium handling by downregulating key components—including L‐type Ca²⁺ channel subunits and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pump—thus promoting both electrical and structural remodeling of the atria."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond cardiovascular disorders, miR‐208b plays a role in the host response to viral infection. In hepatitis C virus–infected hepatocytes, aberrant upregulation of miR‐208b (alongside miR‐499a-5p) suppresses the antiviral interferon response by directly downregulating type I interferon receptor subunit IFNAR1. This modulation of interferon signaling aids in viral persistence by dampening both type I and type III interferon pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐208b also exerts diverse functions in oncogenesis. In colorectal cancer, tumor cells secrete miR‐208b via exosomes, which—upon uptake by regulatory T cells—targets PDCD4 to promote Treg expansion, contributing to chemoresistance against oxaliplatin-based regimens. Conversely, studies in osteosarcoma indicate that overexpression of miR‐208b suppresses tumor cell proliferation and migration by targeting receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor 2, suggesting a tumor‐suppressive role in this context."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCirculating expression levels of miR‐208b have also been associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension, with a strong correlation observed between miR‐208b levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and urinary albumin excretion—a recognized early marker of vascular damage."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFinally, in the setting of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, patients carrying MYBPC3 mutations exhibit a specific upregulation of miR‐208b-3p. This overexpression is linked to the activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through its regulation of target genes involved in cardiac muscle gene programming, thereby contributing to myocardial hypertrophy and adverse remodeling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maarten F Corsten, Robert Dennert, Sylvia Jochems, et al. 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