| HGNC Family | Non-coding RNAs |
| Name | microRNA 21 |
| Description | microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐21 is one of the most broadly up‐regulated microRNAs in human malignancies, acting as a potent oncomiR that promotes tumorigenesis across diverse cancer types—including colorectal, breast, gastric, glioblastoma, ovarian, lung, tongue, pancreatic, and others. Its tumor‐promoting functions are largely mediated by post‐transcriptional repression of several key tumor suppressors such as programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and reversion‐inducing cysteine‐rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK). In doing so, miR‐21 activates oncogenic signaling pathways (e.g., NF‑κB, TGF‑β, and p53) and modulates processes such as cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Moreover, aberrant miR‐21 expression contributes to complex epigenetic and inflammatory feedback loops that further cement the transformed state, regulate matrix metalloproteinase activity and angiogenesis, and even mediate resistance to targeted therapies in cancers like HER2‑positive breast carcinoma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its cell‐intrinsic oncogenic roles, miR‐21 exerts diverse effects on the tumor microenvironment and in non–cancerous pathobiology. It regulates inflammatory and immune responses—illustrated by its modulation of DNA methylation machinery in CD4⁺ T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus—as well as extracellular matrix remodeling during vascular injury, where antisense‐mediated knock‐down reduces neointimal lesion formation. miR‐21 is also implicated in endothelial cell responses to mechanical shear stress (thereby affecting nitric oxide synthesis and adhesion molecule expression) and in adipocyte differentiation via modulation of TGF‑β receptor signaling. Taken together, these findings underscore the broad biological impact of miR‐21, spanning malignant transformation to vascular inflammation and metabolic regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fanyin Meng, Roger Henson, Hania Wehbe-Janek, et al. 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| Synonyms | MIRN21, HSA-MIR-21, MIR-21, MIRNA21 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 406991 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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MIR21 has 3,867 functional associations with biological entities spanning 6 categories (molecular profile, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 27 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for MIR21 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of MIR21 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MIR21 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of MIR21 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with MIR21 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of MIR21 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with MIR21 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with MIR21 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at MIR21 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MIR21 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of MIR21 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with MIR21 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with MIR21 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing MIR21 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with MIR21 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of MIR21 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of MIR21 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of MIR21 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of MIR21 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at MIR21 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with MIR21 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving MIR21 protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |