{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nExtensive studies have revealed that miR‐301a functions as a potent oncogenic microRNA that promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance across a wide spectrum of human malignancies. In pancreatic, gastric, breast, colorectal, hepatocellular, prostate, osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and non‐small cell lung cancers, miR‐301a exerts its effects by directly targeting tumor suppressors (including Bim, PTEN, SOCS5, NKRF, and others) and thereby activating key oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β–catenin, JAK/STAT3 and NF–κB. In addition, miR‐301a has been implicated in feedback regulation of its host gene (ska2) via modulation of the ERK/CREB axis and in the enhancement of pro‐proliferative as well as survival signals in vascular and hematologic contexts. Collectively, these findings underscore a central role for miR‐301a in driving aggressive tumor phenotypes and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its intracellular oncogenic roles, miR‐301a is frequently secreted via exosomes, thereby mediating critical intercellular cross‐talk within the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal miR‐301a has been shown to promote macrophage polarization toward a pro–tumor M2 phenotype—as observed in hypoxic pancreatic cancer—and to enhance radioresistance in glioblastoma through modulation of signaling cascades (for example, by targeting TCEAL7 to activate the Wnt/β–catenin pathway). Moreover, its detectable levels in patient serum or plasma underscore its value as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in malignancies such as triple‐negative breast cancer, glioma and prostate cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its direct roles in tumorigenesis, miR‐301a also modulates immune and inflammatory responses in non‐cancerous pathological conditions. It can impair host antiviral defenses—for example, by inhibiting type I interferon production during Japanese encephalitis virus infection—and contribute to autoimmune pathologies by promoting Th17 cell differentiation, as evidenced in disorders such as Behçet’s disease, Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. 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