{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMIR31HG is a multifunctional long noncoding RNA that plays prominent oncogenic roles in a wide spectrum of malignancies. In several cancer types—including oral carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, chordoma, gastric cancer, non‐small cell lung cancer, esophageal and cervical squamous cell carcinomas, malignant melanoma, and breast and thyroid cancers—MIR31HG is frequently deregulated. Many studies have shown that its aberrant expression contributes to tumor progression by acting as a co‐activator of hypoxia‐inducible factor signaling, by sponging diverse microRNAs (for example, miR‑193b, miR‑214, and miR‑361‑3p) and thereby modulating downstream effectors (such as HIF‑1α, p300, c‑Met, EMP1, RIPK4, and LBH) to promote cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. In several instances, elevated MIR31HG expression is also significantly associated with poor clinical outcome and serves as an independent prognostic predictor in these cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in oncogenesis, MIR31HG is critically involved in several non‐malignant processes and developmental conditions. It can negatively regulate osteogenic differentiation by interacting with the NF‑κB pathway and modulate inflammatory inhibition of bone formation, while conversely promoting adipocyte lineage commitment through epigenetic regulation of key adipogenic genes such as FABP4. Moreover, MIR31HG has been implicated in early developmental disorders – for example, influencing cell migration and proliferation in Hirschsprung’s disease and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate – and it also participates in the regulation of the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype via modulation of YBX1 phosphorylation. Inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, have further been linked to altered MIR31HG expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "23", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenetic variations in MIR31HG further contribute to disease susceptibility and clinical behavior. Specific polymorphisms have been associated with risks for conditions such as lumbar disc herniation, steroid‐induced or alcoholic osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and IgA nephropathy, while meta‐analyses indicate that context‐dependent differences in MIR31HG expression may serve as valuable prognostic biomarkers. Collectively, these findings underscore the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms of MIR31HG, which—through transcriptional co-activation, microRNA sponging, and epigenetic modifications—drive diverse cellular pathways that influence both malignant progression and non‐malignant developmental or inflammatory disorders, thereby representing a promising target for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "34"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jing-Wen Shih, Wei-Fan Chiang, Alexander T H Wu, et al. 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