{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR-329 functions as a potent tumor suppressor in several cancer types. In gastric cancer, its downregulation releases inhibition of targets such as TIAM1, thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor formation, while enforced expression reverses these effects. Likewise, in pituitary tumors, miR-329 contributes to tumor suppression by targeting PTTG1, and in breast cancer its diminished levels lead to increased p130Cas expression and consequent tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional studies reveal that miR-329 also restrains malignancy in other tumors. In hepatocellular carcinoma, reduced miR-329 correlates with enhanced cell invasion via deregulation of BRD4, whereas in pancreatic cancer, miR-329 overexpression targets GRB2 to inactivate the GRB2/pERK pathway, leading to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. In non-small cell lung cancer, restoration of miR-329 impairs cell growth, migration, and invasion by downregulating oncogenic MET."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "4", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurther complexity in miR-329 regulation is evident from studies indicating its prognostic significance and participation in broader regulatory networks. In a second study on gastric cancer, elevated miR-329 levels—which directly target KDM1A—were associated with increased apoptosis, reduced cell proliferation, and improved patient survival. In bladder cancer, the oncogenic lncRNA ZFAS1 acts as a sponge for miR-329, thereby mitigating its tumor suppressor function, while in melanoma, miR-329 downregulates HMGB2 and modulates the β-catenin pathway to arrest the cell cycle and promote apoptosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zheng Li, Xin Yu, Yang Wang, et al. 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