{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe microRNA‐338 family—including miR‑338‑3p and miR‑338‑5p—has emerged as a multifaceted regulator in cancer. In numerous solid tumors such as colorectal, gastric, esophageal, hepatocellular, non‑small cell lung, breast, prostate, oral, nasopharyngeal cancers, and neuroblastoma, miR‑338 is frequently downregulated. This loss promotes oncogenic behaviors by relieving its normally inhibitory influence on multiple targets (for example, PREX2a, P‑Rex2a, NRP1, FOXP4, CyclinD1, MACC1, RAB14, PTP1B, TAZ, and key mediators of hypoxic and inflammatory feedback loops such as HIF‑1α and IL‑6). Consequently, reduced miR‑338 expression contributes to increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and radioresistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond oncology, miR‑338 plays important roles in non‑neoplastic contexts. It is involved in neuronal differentiation and synaptic regulation—as illustrated by its co‑transcription from the intron of the apoptosis‑associated tyrosine kinase gene—and its dysregulation has been linked to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome associated with schizophrenia. In addition, altered circulating levels of miR‑338 have been observed in disorders affecting bone and vascular health—including postmenopausal osteoporosis, deep venous thrombosis, and asthma‑COPD overlap syndrome—highlighting its promise as a diagnostic biomarker in diverse settings."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "31", "end_ref": "40"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurthermore, the regulatory network governing miR‑338 expression is itself complex. Multiple long non‑coding and circular RNAs—including circ_0001649, CRNDE, SNHG15, OIP5‑AS1, and exosome‑derived circRNAs—act as competing endogenous RNAs to modulate miR‑338 availability. 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