{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent investigations have demonstrated that miR‑4288 functions as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. In clinical samples and cell line studies, miR‑4288—located on the frequently deleted chromosome 8p region—was shown to be downregulated in primary prostate tumors and nearly lost in metastatic castration‑resistant cases. Notably, this loss is more pronounced in Caucasian patients and correlates with increasing tumor grade and elevated serum prostate‑specific antigen. Functional analyses revealed that miR‑4288 exerts anti‑proliferative, anti‑invasive, and anti‑epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition effects by directly repressing key metastasis‑associated genes such as MMP16 and ROCK1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "In bladder cancer, a different mechanism contributes to the attenuation of miR‑4288 activity. The long intergenic non‑protein coding RNA LINC00978 is significantly overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues and acts as a competing endogenous RNA to sponge miR‑4288. This molecular interaction leads to reduced miR‑4288 levels and, consequently, to enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer cells. Rescue experiments confirmed that inhibition of miR‑4288 could reverse the tumor‑suppressive effects observed upon LINC00978 knockdown, underscoring the critical role of miR‑4288 in restraining bladder cancer progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Together, these findings indicate that miR‑4288 plays a pivotal, multi‑cancer tumor suppressor role by modulating key pathways involved in cell proliferation and metastatic behavior. The dual evidence from prostate and bladder cancer studies not only supports the use of miR‑4288 as a potential biomarker for aggressive disease states but also suggests that strategies aimed at restoring its expression or function may offer promising therapeutic avenues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Divya Bhagirath, Thao Ly Yang, Z Laura Tabatabai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Role of a novel race-related tumor suppressor microRNA located in frequently deleted chromosomal locus 8p21 in prostate cancer progression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carcinogenesis (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/carcin/bgz058"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgz058"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30874288"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30874288"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wei Wang, Zhihui Xu, Jiye Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LINC00978 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by sponging miR‑4288."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Med Rep (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/mmr.2019.10395"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10395"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31257499"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257499"}]}]}]}