{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMicroRNA‐451, including its variant miR‐451b, plays diverse roles in tumor biology across multiple cancer types. In esophageal carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma, miR‐451 functions predominantly as a tumor suppressor. In the esophageal carcinoma cell line EC9706, miR‐451 was found to inhibit cell proliferation through as‐yet‑to‑be‑elucidated molecular mechanisms, while in renal cell carcinoma, its marked downregulation is associated with higher histological grade and lymph node metastasis. Restoration of miR‐451 expression in renal carcinoma cells suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion by directly targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn contrast, studies in gastric cancer stem‐like cells indicate an oncogenic role for miR‐451b. Inhibition of hsa‐miR‐451b leads to reduced activities of matrix metalloproteinases MMP‑2 and MMP‑9, diminished migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, and an induction of apoptosis. These molecular and functional changes are accompanied by alterations in stemness markers and key regulators of cell survival, suggesting that miR‐451b supports the self-renewal and tumorigenic properties of these cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn glioma, miR‐451 acts as a potent inhibitor of progression and metastasis by restraining epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By directly targeting CAB39, miR‐451 modulates the PI3K/Akt/Snail signaling pathway, leading to decreased levels of phosphorylated AKT, mesenchymal markers (such as N‑cadherin, Vimentin, Twist, and Snail) and cell cycle proteins, while enhancing epithelial marker expression such as E‑cadherin. These changes culminate in reduced cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT in glioma cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence further implicates the microRNA‑451 family in breast cancer progression. Although the specific mechanistic details remain to be fully defined, preliminary data suggest that differential expression of miR‑451 may be linked to the transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer, highlighting its potential utility as a biomarker and therapeutic target in early breast cancer management."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wen-Qiao Zang, Xuan Yang, Tao Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MiR-451 inhibits proliferation of esophageal carcinoma cell line EC9706 by targeting CDKN2D and MAP3K1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "World J Gastroenterol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.5867"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.5867"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26019450"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26019450"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yan Tang, Wei Wan, Lijuan Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "microRNA-451 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion through regulation of MIF in renal cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Clin Exp Pathol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26884830"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26884830"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diba Borzabadi Farahani, Hassan Akrami, Behrouz Moradi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Effect of hsa-miR-451b Knockdown on Biological Functions of Gastric Cancer Stem-Like Cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Genet (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10528-021-10057-8"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-021-10057-8"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33725258"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33725258"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yang Nan, Liyun Guo, Yalin Lu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-451 suppresses EMT and metastasis in glioma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Cycle (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15384101.2021.1933303"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2021.1933303"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34048322"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34048322"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ji Won Woo, Hye Yeon Choi, Milim Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-145, miR-205 and miR-451: potential tumor suppressors involved in the progression of in situ to invasive carcinoma of the breast."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Breast Cancer (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s12282-022-01359-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-022-01359-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35451796"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35451796"}]}]}]}