{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have revealed that miR‑4632 plays a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in a context‐dependent manner. In human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, miR‑4632 is normally highly expressed but is significantly downregulated upon stimulation with PDGF‑BB. Functional investigations indicate that miR‑4632 impedes proliferation while promoting apoptosis through direct targeting and downregulation of cJUN. Its PDGF‑BB–induced downregulation is associated with histone deacetylation via the PDGF receptor/PI3K/HDAC4 pathway, and reduced serum levels of miR‑4632 have been observed in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting its potential as both a therapeutic target and a circulating biomarker for pulmonary vascular remodeling diseases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn a different cellular context, studies in HepG2 liver cells have demonstrated that exposure to palmitic acid elevates the expression of miR‑4632‑5p (in concert with miR‑3180‑3p), which leads to a suppression of insulin‐induced activation of the PI3K‑AKT signaling cascade. Specifically, miR‑4632 reduces the phosphorylation of IRS‑1 on Tyr612 without affecting insulin receptor activation, thereby contributing to the development of insulin resistance—a key process underlying type 2 diabetes. These findings underscore the versatility of miR‑4632 as a modulator of intracellular signaling pathways related to metabolic regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhengjiang Qian, Yanjiao Li, Jidong Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-4632 mediates PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and antiapoptosis of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via targeting cJUN."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpcell.00061.2017"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00061.2017"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28701355"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28701355"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Etsu Tashiro, Yumi Nagasawa, Susumu Itoh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Involvement of miR-3180-3p and miR-4632-5p in palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Endocrinol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.mce.2021.111371"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2021.111371"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34157350"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34157350"}]}]}]}