{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR-5195-3p has emerged as a tumor‐suppressive microRNA with diverse roles in sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and curbing malignant progression. For instance, in triple‐negative breast cancer cells, miR-5195-3p can attenuate chemoresistance to paclitaxel by modulating specific target genes, while in bladder cancer, its downregulation correlates with enhanced cell proliferation and invasion through loss of negative regulation on the proto‐oncogene KLF5."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Disruption of miR-5195-3p’s normal expression contributes to oncogenesis in other tumor types, as well. In non–small cell lung cancer, reduced levels of miR-5195-3p lead to aberrant cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via deregulation of its target, MYO6. Moreover, in colorectal cancer models using HCT116 cells, overexpression of miR-5195-3p downregulates components of the TGFβ/SMAD signaling cascade—including TGFB-R1, SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4—resulting in cell cycle alterations. In osteosarcoma, enforced miR-5195-3p expression diminishes tumor cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through suppression of NEDD9, and its putative inhibitory influence is also under investigation in glioma cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Beyond its established oncologic roles, miR-5195-3p also contributes to non-neoplastic pathophysiology. In retinal pigment epithelial cells subjected to high-glucose conditions, overexpression of miR-5195-3p exerts protective effects against hyperglycemia-induced injury by directly targeting GMFB, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine release. In hepatocellular carcinoma, interaction with the long non-coding RNA MEG3 modulates a miR-5195-3p/FOXO1 axis, further underscoring its critical involvement in tumor suppression. Similar tumor-suppressive functions have been observed in prostate and ovarian cancers, and emerging evidence suggests a potential role in the context of insulin-resistant liver cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mei Liu, Can Gong, Renyuan Xu, et al. 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