{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐520b plays a multifaceted role in modulating tumor cell migration and proliferation across several cancer types. In breast cancer, it functions as a suppressor of metastasis by directly targeting the 3′‐UTRs of genes such as HBXIP and interleukin‑8, thereby reducing aggressive cell migration (1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In hepatocellular carcinoma, restoration of miR‐520b levels leads to marked inhibition of tumor cell growth through the negative regulation of key oncogenic mediators including MEKK2, cyclin D1, and TET1 (2."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " This tumor‐suppressive trend is also observed in colorectal cancer, where miR‐520b downregulation correlates with enhanced malignant progression via deregulation of proteins like DCUN1D1 (9), and in head–neck cancers where miR‐520b represses epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell traits by directly targeting CD44 (5). Additionally, in a broader context, the miR‐373/520 family, including miR‐520b/e, has been implicated in attenuating various oncogenic pathways (4).\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its effects on cell migration and proliferation, miR‐520b significantly contributes to the regulation of cancer stemness and chemotherapeutic responsiveness. In triple‐negative breast cancer, for instance, competitive endogenous RNA networks—such as those mediated by circIFI30—sequester miR‐520b, leading to increased CD44 expression and promoting tumor progression (6). In lung cancer, studies have demonstrated that miR‐520b can target molecules like HDAC4 and SPOP to modulate proliferation and activate downstream pathways such as Hedgehog signaling, although context‐dependent differences suggest that its role may vary between tumor types (7, 10."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in breast cancer treated with doxorubicin, elevated miR‐520b facilitates apoptosis by attenuating the IGF‑1R/PI3K/AKT axis, thereby improving chemosensitivity (14).\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to direct tumor‐suppressive effects, miR‐520b is integrated into a complex regulatory network involving other non‐coding RNAs and stress‐responsive pathways. In prostate cancer, miR‐520b targets Capn4 to suppress Wnt/β‑catenin signaling (12), while in glioblastoma, its overexpression leads to a decrease in cyclin D1 levels and an increase in apoptosis, highlighting its importance in controlling cell cycle progression (13). Recent work also shows that under diverse cellular stress conditions, miR‐520b‑3p can directly bind to the 3′‑UTR of ATF5, reversing stress‐induced upregulation and promoting cell death (18). Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that miR‐520b, along with closely related family members such as miR‑520e and miR‑520c, is subjected to regulation by long non‐coding RNAs—for example, Lnc‑ZFAS1 in osteosarcoma—to modulate downstream effectors like RHOC (19, 20). Collectively, these studies underscore the pivotal role of miR‑520b as a modulator of oncogenic and stress response pathways, offering promising targets for therapeutic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "9"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "17"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weiying Zhang, Zhanping Lu, Guangyao Kong, et al. 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