{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn various malignancies, miR-524‐5p functions as a potent tumor suppressor by directly targeting critical components of oncogenic signaling pathways. In glioma, it inhibits Notch signaling through suppression of key effectors (e.g., Jagged‐1 and Hes‐1)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In melanoma, miR-524-5p directly binds to the MAPK/ERK regulators, BRAF and ERK2, thereby restraining cell proliferation and invasion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In glioblastoma, both miR-524-3p and miR-524-5p isoforms attenuate multiple tumor‐promoting cascades—including the TGF-β, Notch, and Hippo pathways—by targeting molecules such as Smad2, Hes1, and Tead1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In papillary thyroid cancer, direct targeting of FOXE1 and ITGA3 disrupts cell cycle progression and autophagy, thereby impeding tumor growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in oral squamous cell carcinoma, reduced miR-524-5p expression is associated with enhanced tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR-524-5p also plays a crucial role in modulating chemoresistance and the tumor microenvironment. In gastric cancer, its downregulation correlates with increased chemoresistance and aggressiveness through aberrant regulation of SOX9."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In ameloblastoma, lower miR-524-5p levels are linked to an upregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axis, a change that contributes to a tumor-supportive immune milieu."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In colon cancer, miR-524-5p directly targets WNK1, leading to suppression of angiogenesis"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in breast cancer its inhibitory effect on FSTL1 curtails cell migration, invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond these roles, miR-524-5p is implicated in cellular reprogramming and in controlling metastatic progression. It enhances the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell generation"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and helps restore drug sensitivity in BRAF inhibitor–resistant melanoma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In preeclampsia, miR-524-5p promotes trophoblast proliferation and invasion by targeting NUMB to modulate Notch signaling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and in triple-negative breast cancer, sequestration of miR-524-5p by the lncRNA SChLAP1 leads to upregulation of HMGA2 and enhanced malignancy."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In non-small cell lung cancer, binding of miR-524-5p by LINC00184 results in increased HMGB2 expression and tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in laryngocarcinoma, NEAT1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA to sponge miR-524-5p, thereby promoting HDAC1 expression and activating the PTEN/AKT pathway."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In chondrosarcoma, the YAP/miR-524-5p/TXNIP signaling axis modulates glycolytic metabolism and cell proliferation"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in papillary thyroid carcinoma, NEAT1 regulates the miR-524-5p/ID1 axis to facilitate tumor growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, in bone metastases from prostate and breast cancers, miR-524-5p targets MEF2C to restrict metastatic dissemination."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lingchao Chen, Wei Zhang, Wei Yan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The putative tumor suppressor miR-524-5p directly targets Jagged-1 and Hes-1 in glioma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carcinogenesis (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/carcin/bgs261"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgs261"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22871495"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22871495"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Szu-Mam Liu, Jean Lu, Hoong-Chien Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-524-5p suppresses the growth of oncogenic BRAF melanoma by targeting BRAF and ERK2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.2452"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2452"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25275294"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25275294"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mai-Huong Thi Nguyen, Chen-Huan Lin, Szu-Mam Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-524-5p reduces the progression of the BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neoplasia (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.neo.2020.10.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2020.10.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33142243"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33142243"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kai Zhao, Qixue Wang, Yunfei Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EGFR/c-myc axis regulates TGFβ/Hippo/Notch pathway via epigenetic silencing miR-524 in gliomas."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Lett (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.022"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.022"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28778566"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778566"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hui Liu, Xi Chen, Ting Lin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA-524-5p suppresses the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells via targeting on FOXE1 and ITGA3 in cell autophagy and cycling pathways."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Physiol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcp.28472"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28472"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30941771"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30941771"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiang-Shuang Chang, Jing Zhu, Tao Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MiR-524 suppressed the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing Metadherin and NF-κB signaling pathway in OSCC cell lines."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Oral Biol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105090"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105090"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33676362"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33676362"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jing Wang, Xiaofeng Xue, Han Hong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Upregulation of microRNA-524-5p enhances the cisplatin sensitivity of gastric cancer cells by modulating proliferation and metastasis via targeting SOX9."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.13479"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13479"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27880941"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27880941"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Taobo Jin, Yun Zhang, Tianya Zhang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MiR-524-5p Suppresses Migration, Invasion, and EMT Progression in Breast Cancer Cells Through Targeting "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "FSTL1"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Biother Radiopharm (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1089/cbr.2019.3046"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2019.3046"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32298609"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32298609"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Phan Nguyen Nhi Nguyen, Kong Bung Choo, Chiu-Jung Huang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-524-5p of the primate-specific C19MC miRNA cluster targets TP53IPN1- and EMT-associated genes to regulate cellular reprogramming."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stem Cell Res Ther (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13287-017-0666-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0666-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28962647"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28962647"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lijie Chen, Guannan Wang, Xue Qiao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Downregulated miR-524-5p Participates in the Tumor Microenvironment of Ameloblastoma by Targeting the Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) Axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Med Sci Monit (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.12659/MSM.921863"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.921863"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31990904"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31990904"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiang Li, Zitao Li, Ye Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-524-5p inhibits angiogenesis through targeting WNK1 in colon cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpgi.00369.2019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00369.2019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32174132"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174132"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuyan Liu, Li-Hong Liu, Wei-Wei Hu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma through sponging miR-524-5p to mediate DLX1 expression as a competitive endogenous RNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Physiol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcp.28620"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28620"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30980391"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30980391"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Linmei Zheng, Jie Song, Rong Tang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA‑524‑5p regulates the proliferation and invasion of HTR‑8/SVneo trophoblasts by targeting NUMB in the Notch signaling pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Med Rep (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/mmr.2021.12075"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12075"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33846809"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846809"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiangdong Bai, Shengxiao Zhang, Jun Qiao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non‑coding RNA SChLAP1 regulates the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cells via the miR‑524‑5p/HMGA2 axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Med Rep (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/mmr.2021.12085"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12085"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33846810"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846810"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wuming Wang, Lin Li, Long Zhao "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LINC00184 plays an oncogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer via regulation of the miR-524-5p/HMGB2 axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Mol Med (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jcmm.16247"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16247"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34651416"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34651416"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jiajia Zhang, Ping Wang, Yanli Cui "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 inhibits the acetylation of PTEN through the miR-524-5p /HDAC1 axis to promote the proliferation and invasion of laryngeal cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aging (Albany NY) (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/aging.203719"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203719"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34837887"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837887"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ri-Xu Liu, Wang Tang, Bo-Yuan Zheng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "YAP/miR-524-5p axis negatively regulates TXNIP expression to promote chondrosarcoma cell growth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.052"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.052"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34968780"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34968780"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guansheng Liao, Zhuoya Huang, Tianyu Gan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) modulates inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) to facilitate papillary thyroid carcinoma development by sponging microRNA-524-5p."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bioengineered (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/21655979.2022.2076498"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2076498"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35635748"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35635748"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "QingHua Tian, YingYing Lu, BiCong Yan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals That miR-524-5p/MEF2C Regulates Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Comput Math Methods Med (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1155/2022/5211329"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5211329"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36128051"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36128051"}]}]}]}