{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR-544a has emerged as an important regulator in diverse pathological contexts, displaying context‐dependent functions. In gastric cancer, one study revealed that miR-544a directly targets the IRX1 gene, thereby repressing its protein expression and promoting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, suggesting an oncogenic role."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In a separate investigation in gastric cancer, overexpression of miR-544a induced an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype by suppressing CDH1 and AXIN2, leading to increased expression of mesenchymal markers such as VIM, SNAI1, and ZEB1, which ultimately facilitates activation of the WNT signaling cascade via stabilization and nuclear import of β-catenin."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the realm of breast cancer, miR-544a appears to exert dual and context-specific functions. In one report, differential expression of miR-544a was associated with distinct migratory behaviors: in less aggressive breast cancer cells, its overexpression promoted migration and invasion by targeting adhesion molecules such as CDH1, whereas in more aggressive cells an inverse correlation was observed between miR-544a levels and invasiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Conversely, investigation in triple negative breast cancer demonstrated that miR-544a acted as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting the 3′-UTRs of Bcl6 and Stat3 mRNAs leading to significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as a marked reduction in xenograft tumor growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond cancer cell intrinsic effects, miR-544a is also modulated by the tumor microenvironment and other regulatory RNAs. For example, in hepatocellular carcinoma, upregulation of miR-544 in natural killer (NK) cells correlates with diminished cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells; mechanistic studies revealed that miR-544 negatively regulates RUNX3 expression, and that its inhibition via lncRNA GAS5 overexpression can restore NK cell function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, protocols have been developed to inhibit DICER-mediated processing of miR-544 as a novel strategy to counteract its function, which may have therapeutic implications."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition, emerging evidence suggests a role for miR-544a in other disease contexts. One study investigating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury examined the association between miR-544 expression and the extent of post-ischemic inflammation and apoptosis, although the detailed molecular mechanisms require further exploration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the cardiovascular field, a recent report identified that a circular RNA (circMIRIAF) acts as a sponge for miR-544a; sequestration of miR-544a by circMIRIAF derepresses the expression of WDR12, which in turn activates Notch1 signaling and exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. This finding highlights miR-544a as a potential therapeutic target in myocardial injury."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qiaoming Zhi, Xiaobo Guo, Lei Guo, et al. 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