{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent work on amniotic fluid‐derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes has revealed that miR‑548e‑5p plays a key anti‐inflammatory role in trophoblast cells. Specifically, this miRNA regulates phosphorylation of signaling proteins including nuclear factor κB, AKT, and mitogen‑activated protein kinases in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated trophoblasts, thereby promoting cellular migration and proliferation while preventing apoptosis. Inhibition of miR‑548e‑5p impairs these processes and may contribute to inflammatory complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \nDisparate studies, while not directly addressing miR‑548e‑5p, underscore the broader landscape of gene regulatory mechanisms that complement miRNA‐mediated control. In particular, investigations into ATP‑dependent chromatin remodelers—such as the accessory subunit BAZ1A (also known as Acf1)—demonstrate that chromatin‐based regulation is pivotal for maintaining transcriptional repression, efficient DNA repair, and proper cellular senescence through nucleosome repositioning and remodeling. These studies highlight that disruption of chromatin remodeling can lead to mis‐regulation of hundreds of genes, with profound impacts on spermatogenesis and cellular responses to stress."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \nMoreover, further research indicates that proper heterochromatin formation and chromatin regulator localization are essential for normal gametogenesis. Disruption of these processes, as seen with altered DICER activity, reinforces the concept that multiple layers of epigenetic control—from miRNA signaling to chromatin remodeling—coordinate to safeguard cellular function, development, and genomic integrity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changwon Yang, Whasun Lim, Junghyun Park, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-146a-5p and microRNA-548e-5p on human trophoblast cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Hum Reprod (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/molehr/gaz054"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaz054"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31588496"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31588496"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "James A Dowdle, Monika Mehta, Elizabeth M Kass, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mouse BAZ1A (ACF1) is dispensable for double-strand break repair but is essential for averting improper gene expression during spermatogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1003945"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003945"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24244200"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24244200"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xueping Li, Dong Ding, Jun Yao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chromatin remodeling factor BAZ1A regulates cellular senescence in both cancer and normal cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Life Sci (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.023"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.023"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31085244"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31085244"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "HaoSheng Sun, Diane M Damez-Werno, Kimberly N Scobie, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Regulation of BAZ1A and nucleosome positioning in the nucleus accumbens in response to cocaine."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neuroscience (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.007"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.007"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28412501"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28412501"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ram Prakash Yadav, Sini Leskinen, Lin Ma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chromatin remodelers HELLS, WDHD1 and BAZ1A are dynamically expressed during mouse spermatogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reproduction (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1530/REP-22-0240"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-22-0240"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36194437"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36194437"}]}]}]}