{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMicroRNA‐628, encompassing both the miR‐628‐3p and miR‐628‐5p isoforms, has emerged as a multifunctional regulator in diverse pathological settings. In viral infection, an altered expression of miR‐628‐3p was identified as part of a fourteen‐member dysregulated microRNA signature in H1N1 influenza patients and infected cells, suggesting that it may contribute to host antiviral responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In renal cell carcinoma, miR‐628‐5p has been implicated in the post‐transcriptional repression of HLA‐G, a non‐classical major histocompatibility complex molecule involved in inhibiting NK cell cytotoxicity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the arena of diagnostic biomarkers, circulating levels of miR‐628‐5p are diminished in the serum of prostate cancer patients"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while its selective enrichment in salivary small extracellular vesicles has shown promising discriminatory power for periodontitis diagnosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn cancer settings, miR‐628‐5p often acts as a tumor suppressor through targeting key oncogenic drivers. In ovarian cancer, for example, miR‐628‐5p decreases the stem‐like cell population by inducing apoptosis via down‐regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Consistent with this role, in lung cancer miR‐628‐3p has been shown to promote apoptosis and inhibit cellular migration by repressing heat shock protein 90a."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in glioma, forced expression of miR‐628‐5p reduces proliferation and induces G1 cell cycle arrest by targeting DDX59"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in gastric cancer a circRNA competitively sponging miR‐628‐5p leads to higher NT5E levels; hence, miR‐628‐5p normally constrains tumorigenesis by inhibiting NT5E expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, reduced miR‐628‐5p expression correlates with worse survival, with mechanistic insights implicating its suppression of phospholipid scramblase 1 and insulin receptor substrate 1, thereby inhibiting the downstream AKT/NF‐κB signaling pathway."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in glioblastoma, a recently described circ_HN1/miR‐628‐5p/HMGB3 regulatory axis appears to influence tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn contrast, data from osteosarcoma studies indicate that miR‐628‐5p might exert an oncogenic role by promoting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via suppression of interferon‐induced protein 44‐like (IFI44L)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Beyond oncogenesis, miR‐628‐3p has been shown to attenuate osteoblast differentiation by directly targeting the master transcription factor RUNX2, linking its dysregulation to the pathogenesis of atrophic non‐union."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Emerging data also point to a potential role in inflammatory conditions; for instance, although the contribution of miR‐628‐5p in cervical cancer remains to be fully elucidated"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", plasma levels of miR‐628‐3p have been associated with the severity of ocular inflammation in patients with atopic dermatitis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these studies underscore that the function of miR‐628 is highly context‐dependent—it may act either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncomiR and serves as a promising candidate biomarker in both infectious and non‐infectious diseases.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Paul A Tambyah, Sugunavathi Sepramaniam, Jaminah Mohamed Ali, et al. 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