{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAberrant expression of microRNAs plays a fundamental role in cancer development and progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, for example, altered levels of miR‐664 have been implicated in tumor growth and metastasis, although its precise function in this cancer type remains to be fully elucidated."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, investigation of the RASSF8‐AS1/miR‐664b‐3p/TLE1 axis revealed that the long noncoding RNA RASSF8‐AS1 acts as a sponge to sequester miR‐664b‐3p; this leads to upregulation of TLE1 and suppression of cell migration, invasion, and proliferation, underscoring a critical modulatory role for miR‐664b‐3p in tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In a related study focusing on cSCC, other regulatory factors such as ARMC8 were examined, highlighting the broader complexity of microRNA‐associated networks in similar tumor contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn hepatocellular carcinoma, miR‐664b‐5p was found to be downregulated, and restoration of its levels suppressed cell viability, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis through negative regulation of AKT2, indicating a tumor‐suppressive function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Consistent with this tumor‐inhibitory role, in pancreatic cancer the long noncoding RNA HOXD‐AS1 was shown to be upregulated and to promote proliferation, invasion, and migration by sponging miR‐664b‐3p, thereby preventing miR‐664b‐3p from repressing its target PLAC8."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, analysis in colon cancer demonstrated that overexpression of miR‐664b‐3p inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis by downregulating Bub3 protein expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Together, these studies indicate that miR‐664b (whether as the 3p or 5p isoform) exerts context‐dependent regulatory functions, acting predominantly as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colon cancers while its deregulation in squamous cell carcinomas may contribute to oncogenic processes.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bin Chen, Yongzheng Bao, Xiaoming Chen, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA-664 functions as an oncogene in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) via suppressing interferon regulatory factor 2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Dermatol Sci (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.05.004"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.05.004"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31138473"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31138473"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tao Liu, Wenxia Meng, Huan Cao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lncRNA RASSF8‑AS1 suppresses the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma via targeting the miR‑664b‑3p/TLE1 axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Rep (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/or.2020.7771"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2020.7771"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33000257"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33000257"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiangzhi Li, Chen Zhang, Yawen Yuan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Downregulation of ARMC8 promotes tumorigenesis through activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway and EMT in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Dermatol Sci (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.05.002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.05.002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34016486"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34016486"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongwei Li, Dawei Guo, Yuhong Zhang, et al. 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