{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐351 has emerged as an important regulatory molecule in multiple organ systems and disease models. In gestational diabetes mellitus, decreased miR‐351 expression is associated with insulin resistance and aberrant liver gluconeogenesis, whereas its upregulation protects against these metabolic disturbances by targeting flotillin 2 (FLOT2) and repressing the PI3K/AKT pathway."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nDuring hepatic fibrogenesis induced by Schistosoma infection, miR‐351 expression is dynamically regulated. Early in infection, its levels are low due to IFN‑γ–mediated suppression; however, in the later stages the miRNA is significantly induced, where it promotes fibrosis by targeting the vitamin D receptor (VDR), an antagonist of profibrotic SMAD signaling. Notably, sustained inhibition of miR‐351 ameliorates liver fibrosis in this context."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn skeletal muscle, miR‐351‐5p plays a dual role by enhancing myoblast proliferation while restraining differentiation. It achieves these effects through direct targeting of lactamase β (LACTB), with its activity further modulated by a long noncoding RNA (lnc‑mg) that acts as a molecular sponge. This regulatory axis not only affects myogenesis in vitro but also mediates muscle fiber type transitions in vivo."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the nervous system, miR‐351 contributes to neural stem cell differentiation by downregulating transmembrane protein 59 (TMEM59), resulting in notable morphological changes and suggesting a role in neural development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the cellular level, miR‐351 is also involved in modulating autophagy. EWSR1 deficiency activates the microprocessor complex and increases miR‑125a and miR‑351 levels, with the latter directly targeting Uvrag, an essential mediator of autophagy. This miRNA‑dependent decrease in Uvrag contributes to inhibited autophagy and accelerated cellular senescence."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAlthough large‐scale miRNA profiling in allergic airway diseases has begun to delineate gene regulatory networks underlying granulocyte recruitment, the direct role of miR‑351 within this context remains to be fully clarified."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn cancer cells exposed to antitumor agents, miR‑351 regulates the mode of cell death. In a mouse cancer cell model, high miR‑351 expression is linked to apoptotic cell death, whereas its inhibition shifts the balance toward necrosis, potentially via mechanisms involving lamin B1 modulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn models of atherosclerosis, miR‑351 is upregulated in endothelial cells and serum, where it targets STAT3. This targeting attenuates endothelial cell survival and suppresses angiogenesis, contributing to vascular dysfunction. Genetic studies further underscore its elevated expression in diabetic mice with atherosclerosis, suggesting a critical role in disease progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide, miR‑351‑5p exerts a deleterious effect by aggravating oxidative stress and inflammation. It does so by inhibiting the activation of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) via the cAMP/PKA axis, thereby worsening lung injury. These findings advocate for the targeting of miR‑351‑5p as a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory lung conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shu-Hong Chen, Xiao-Nan Liu, Yan Peng "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA-351 eases insulin resistance and liver gluconeogenesis via the PI3K/AKT pathway by inhibiting FLOT2 in mice of gestational diabetes mellitus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Mol Med (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jcmm.14079"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14079"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31287224"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287224"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xing He, Yue Sun, Nanhang Lei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA-351"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " promotes schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis by targeting the vitamin D receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1715965115"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715965115"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29255036"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255036"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jingjing Du, Peiwen Zhang, Xue Zhao, et al. 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