{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐944 exhibits context‐dependent functions in human disease. In several gynecologic and lung cancers, elevated miR‐944 expression has been linked to oncogenic processes. For example, in breast cancer miR‐944 is upregulated and promotes cell proliferation, metastasis, and even chemoresistance via targeting factors such as BNIP3 ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. Similarly, cervical cancer studies report that miR‐944 is significantly more abundant in tumor tissues where it enhances proliferation, migration, and invasion by directly targeting genes including HECW2 and S100PBP, while its prognostic value is also being explored ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. In endometrial carcinoma, miR‐944 overexpression is associated with advanced stage and poor survival, further underscoring its oncogenic role ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. In lung cancer patients, increased serum miR‐944 levels suggest its potential utility as a diagnostic biomarker in operable squamous carcinomas ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. Furthermore, in cervical cancer a regulatory axis wherein LINC00899 sponges miR‐944 to modulate ESR1 levels has been described, and in oral squamous cell carcinoma miR‐944 targets CISH to activate pro‐inflammatory and pro‐migratory signaling ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. A study in invasive pituitary adenoma also highlighted a SNHG6/miR‐944/RAB11A axis, suggesting that reduced miR‐944 expression may relieve its suppression of RAB11A, thereby promoting tumor aggressiveness ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "].\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn contrast, in some malignancies miR‐944 functions as a tumor suppressor. In colorectal cancer (CRC) miR‐944 is downregulated, and its re‐expression inhibits cell migration and invasion by targeting metastasis‐promoting factors such as MACC1, and by inducing cell cycle arrest via COP1/MDM2 downregulation and p53 stabilization ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. Another study in CRC documented that elevated miR‐944 suppresses cell migration and invasion by targeting GATA6 and modulating downstream signaling, while decreased serum levels of miR‐944 in both CRC and adenomatous polyps further advocate its potential as a non‐invasive biomarker ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. In glioma, exosomal miR‐944 transferred from glioma stem cells inhibits angiogenesis by directly targeting VEGFC and blocking AKT/ERK signaling ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "], and in osteosarcoma, miR‐944 exerts tumor‐suppressive effects through VEGF downregulation ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. Moreover, evaluation of the miR‐944 precursor in squamous‐cell lung cancer has provided further impetus for its utility as a diagnostic marker ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "].\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its diverse roles in cancer, miR‐944 is also involved in normal cellular differentiation and in the response to non‐malignant insults. In keratinocytes, miR‐944 is derived from an independent promoter within the TP63 locus and is directly induced by ΔNp63; this regulation contributes to epidermal differentiation through inhibition of ERK signaling and upregulation of p53 activity, leading to enhanced expression of differentiation markers such as keratin 1 and keratin 10 ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. In osteoarthritis, elevated miR‐944 appears to promote chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammatory responses, suggesting a deleterious role in joint degeneration ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. In the context of sepsis‐induced cardiomyopathy, a circular RNA (circ_0003907) acts as a sponge for miR‐944, thereby modulating the MYD88/NLRP3/NF‐κB axis and influencing myocardial inflammation and injury ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]. Finally, emerging evidence in breast cancer indicates that miR‐944 expression is linked to PI3K/AKT signaling and that additional regulatory aspects of miR‐944—such as its as‐yet‐unclear role in migration—warrant further study ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "].\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Haifei He, Wei Tian, Hailong Chen, et al. 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