MLYCD Gene

Name	malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
Description	The product of this gene catalyzes the breakdown of malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. Malonyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, and also inhibits the transport of fatty acyl CoAs into mitochondria. Consequently, the encoded protein acts to increase the rate of fatty acid oxidation. It is found in mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the cytoplasm. Mutations in this gene result in malonyl-CoA decarboyxlase deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMalonyl‐CoA decarboxylase (MLYCD) is a pivotal enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of malonyl‐CoA to acetyl‐CoA, thereby governing the balance between fatty acid and glucose metabolism across various tissues. Its activity is central to metabolic adaptations found in both health and disease. In pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells, reduced MLYCD activity shifts metabolism away from glycolysis toward glucose oxidation, which can prevent hypoxia‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Similarly, in skeletal muscle and the developing heart, modulation of MLYCD expression—whether via RNA interference or through adaptations following physical training—leads to decreased malonyl‐CoA levels, facilitating enhanced fatty acid oxidation and proper cardiac maturation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent structural studies have illuminated MLYCD’s molecular architecture. The enzyme comprises an N‐terminal helical domain responsible for oligomerization and a C‐terminal catalytic domain that exhibits a fold similar to the GCN5‐related N‐acetyltransferase superfamily. Crystallographic analyses across diverse species have revealed variable oligomeric interfaces, suggestive of half‐of‐the‐sites reactivity and cooperative interactions among subunits. Complementary molecular docking and dynamics simulations have further identified critical residues that stabilize binding with CoA derivatives, laying the groundwork for structure‐based drug design aimed at modulating MLYCD function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, mutations in the MLYCD gene lead to a spectrum of metabolic disorders characterized by malonic aciduria, developmental delay, cardiomyopathy, and variable metabolic dysregulation. Detailed molecular and biochemical analyses have documented novel as well as recurrent mutations that often disrupt not only the enzyme’s catalytic function but also its precise subcellular localization. These findings have expanded the phenotypic spectrum of malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase deficiency and underscore the importance of targeted dietary and pharmacologic interventions in the management and potential treatment of this rare autosomal recessive disorder."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gopinath Sutendra, Sebastien Bonnet, Gael Rochefort, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fatty acid oxidation and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the vascular remodeling of pulmonary hypertension."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Transl Med (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/scitranslmed.3001327"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001327"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20702857"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20702857"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Karim Bouzakri, Reginald Austin, Anna Rune, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Malonyl CoenzymeA decarboxylase regulates lipid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetes (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2337/db07-0583"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-0583"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18314420"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18314420"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jeanette E Kuhl, Neil B Ruderman, Nicolas Musi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exercise training decreases the concentration of malonyl-CoA and increases the expression and activity of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase in human muscle."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpendo.00341.2005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00341.2005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16434556"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16434556"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael A Yatscoff, Jagdip S Jaswal, Meghan R Grant, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Myocardial hypertrophy and the maturation of fatty acid oxidation in the newborn human heart."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pediatr Res (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1203/PDR.0b013e318184d281"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e318184d281"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18614968"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18614968"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "D Sean Froese, Farhad Forouhar, Timothy H Tran, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Crystal structures of malonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase provide insights into its catalytic mechanism and disease-causing mutations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.str.2013.05.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2013.05.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23791943"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791943"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David Aparicio, Rosa Pérez-Luque, Xavier Carpena, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structural asymmetry and disulfide bridges among subunits modulate the activity of human malonyl-CoA decarboxylase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M112.443846"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.443846"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23482565"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23482565"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Baoping Ling, Yuxia Liu, Xiaoping Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of the active site of human mitochondrial malonyl-coenzyme a decarboxylase: A combined computational study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proteins (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/prot.25029"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.25029"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26948533"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26948533"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G S Salomons, C Jakobs, L Landegge Pope, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clinical, enzymatic and molecular characterization of nine new patients with malonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Inherit Metab Dis (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10545-006-0514-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-006-0514-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17186413"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17186413"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "P J Wightman, R Santer, A Ribes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MLYCD mutation analysis: evidence for protein mistargeting as a cause of MLYCD deficiency."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mutat (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/humu.10264"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.10264"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12955715"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12955715"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carlos E Prada, John L Jefferies, Michelle A Grenier, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency: early dietary restriction and time course of cardiomyopathy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pediatrics (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1542/peds.2011-2927"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2927"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22778304"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22778304"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Huan Liu, Dongqiong Tan, Lianshu Han, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A new case of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency with mild clinical features."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet A (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.a.37590"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37590"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26858006"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26858006"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	MCD
Proteins	DCMC_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	23417
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

MLYCD has 5,501 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 120 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for MLYCD from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

MLYCD Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of MLYCD gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of MLYCD gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with MLYCD protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MLYCD gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of MLYCD gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of MLYCD gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with MLYCD gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with MLYCD gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of MLYCD gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing MLYCD protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing MLYCD protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with MLYCD protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with MLYCD protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with MLYCD gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with MLYCD gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MLYCD gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of MLYCD protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by MLYCD gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with MLYCD gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with MLYCD gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MLYCD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with MLYCD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at MLYCD gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MLYCD gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of MLYCD gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing MLYCD from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MLYCD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MLYCD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MLYCD gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with MLYCD gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.