{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmTOR functions as a master integrator of extracellular growth factor and intracellular nutrient signals to control cell growth, proliferation, and protein synthesis. Acting as the catalytic core of two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, it regulates key signaling events including Akt phosphorylation, translation initiation via S6K1 and eIF3 recruitment, and even mitochondrial energy output. mTOR senses inputs ranging from amino acid availability—as dictated by specialized transporters and the Rag-Ragulator machinery—to lipids such as phosphatidic acid, and even cellular ATP levels. 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