{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNucleolin functions in a multifaceted manner at the cell surface where it serves as both a molecular beacon and receptor. On angiogenic blood vessels and tumor cells, cell‐surface nucleolin selectively binds ligands such as the tumor‐homing F3 peptide"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and the DNA aptamer AS1411"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", making it an attractive target for diagnostic imaging and drug delivery. Moreover, cell‐surface nucleolin contributes to angiogenesis by translocating in response to vascular endothelial growth factor"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and it is exploited as a receptor by viruses – for example, respiratory syncytial virus"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", dengue virus"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "– as well as being implicated in the cellular interactions that underlie tumor aggressiveness in breast"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and pancreatic cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, studies indicate that other extracellular interactions—notably those involving ligands such as pleiotrophin, which modulate HIV attachment and entry"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and P‐selectin–mediated signaling events"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "—are mediated by nucleolin."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nWithin the nucleus, nucleolin is a key regulator of gene expression and chromatin dynamics. It contributes to ribosome biogenesis by assisting in telomerase assembly"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and by facilitating RNA polymerase I transcription. In addition, nucleolin binds with high affinity to noncanonical DNA structures such as G-quadruplexes in oncogene promoters – for example, in c-myc"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "– thereby repressing or modulating transcription. Its histone chaperone activity"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and its involvement in large ribonucleoprotein complexes, such as the small subunit processome"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", underscore its role in chromatin remodeling. Moreover, nucleolin regulates the stability and translation of key mRNAs – including those encoding bcl-2"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and tumor suppressors such as p53"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and influences DNA repair"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "as well as the biogenesis of microRNAs. Additional studies have highlighted nucleolin’s role in modulating mRNA fate via interactions that affect factors such as RPL26"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and AUF1, and in stabilizing transcriptionally repressive DNA structures"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", with its recruitment to repair sites further supporting its chromatin regulatory functions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "26"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "19"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "27"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "20"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "28"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "22", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its structural and regulatory roles in the nucleus and at the plasma membrane, nucleolin functions as an integrator of cellular signaling, cell‐cycle progression, and apoptotic pathways. Stress conditions such as heat shock prompt its rapid translocation from the nucleolus to other cellular compartments"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its ability to bind a variety of ligands – including midkine"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and factors present in apoptotic cells"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "– indicates a role in modulating immune recognition and apoptotic clearance. In models of differentiation‐induced apoptosis, down‐regulation of nucleolin correlates with destabilization of anti‐apoptotic mRNAs"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and sensitizes cells to apoptotic stimuli."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, nucleolin influences cell‐cycle progression and mitosis"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "34"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its interaction with cell death receptors such as Fas can inhibit apoptotic signaling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Stress‐induced relocalization events"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "38"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", along with its capacity to modulate Ca²⁺ entry upon ligand binding"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "40"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and its association with RNA‐binding proteins such as FMRP"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "41"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", further underscore nucleolin’s role as a dynamic, multifunctional mediator of signal transduction."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "29"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "42"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "30"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "32"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "43"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "33"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "31"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "34", "end_ref": "39"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "28"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "40"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sven Christian, Jan Pilch, Maria E Akerman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin expressed at the cell surface is a marker of endothelial cells in angiogenic blood vessels."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200304132"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200304132"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14638862"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14638862"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sridharan Soundararajan, Li Wang, Vijayalakshmi Sridharan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Plasma membrane nucleolin is a receptor for the anticancer aptamer AS1411 in MV4-11 leukemia cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Pharmacol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1124/mol.109.055947"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.109.055947"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19657047"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19657047"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yujie Huang, Hubing Shi, Hao Zhou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The angiogenic function of nucleolin is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor and nonmuscle myosin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2005-07-2961"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-07-2961"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16403913"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16403913"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Farnoosh Tayyari, David Marchant, Theo J Moraes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of nucleolin as a cellular receptor for human respiratory syncytial virus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.2444"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2444"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21841784"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21841784"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Corey A Balinsky, Hana Schmeisser, Sundar Ganesan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin interacts with the dengue virus capsid protein and plays a role in formation of infectious virus particles."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Virol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JVI.00704-13"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00704-13"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24027323"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24027323"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaodong Xiao, Yang Feng, Zhongyu Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of a putative Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus entry factor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.109"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.109"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21723257"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723257"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caroline Madeleine Berger, Xavier Gaume, Philippe Bouvet "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The roles of nucleolin subcellular localization in cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochimie (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.023"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.023"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25866190"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25866190"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maud-Emmanuelle Gilles, Federica Maione, Mélissande Cossutta, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin Targeting Impairs the Progression of Pancreatic Cancer and Promotes the Normalization of Tumor Vasculature."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0300"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0300"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27754848"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27754848"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael Fähling, Andreas Steege, Andrea Perlewitz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Role of nucleolin in posttranscriptional control of MMP-9 expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochim Biophys Acta (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.08.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.08.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16153722"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16153722"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E Merit Reyes-Reyes, Steven K Akiyama "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell-surface nucleolin is a signal transducing P-selectin binding protein for human colon carcinoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.03.016"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.03.016"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18504038"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18504038"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ara G Hovanessian, Calaiselvy Soundaramourty, Diala El Khoury, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Surface expressed nucleolin is constantly induced in tumor cells to mediate calcium-dependent ligand internalization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0015787"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015787"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21203423"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21203423"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shilagardi Khurts, Kenkichi Masutomi, Luvsanjav Delgermaa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin interacts with telomerase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M407643200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M407643200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15371412"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15371412"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Verónica González, Kexiao Guo, Laurence Hurley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification and characterization of nucleolin as a c-myc G-quadruplex-binding protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.018028"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.018028"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19581307"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19581307"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dimitar Angelov, Vladimir A Bondarenko, Sébastien Almagro, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin is a histone chaperone with FACT-like activity and assists remodeling of nucleosomes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.emboj.7601046"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601046"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16601700"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16601700"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amy Jane Turner, Andrew Alexander Knox, José-Luis Prieto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A novel small-subunit processome assembly intermediate that contains the U3 snoRNP, nucleolin, RRP5, and DBP4."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.00029-09"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00029-09"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19332556"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19332556"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blair L Strang, Steeve Boulant, Donald M Coen "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin associates with the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase accessory subunit UL44 and is necessary for efficient viral replication."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Virol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JVI.01510-09"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01510-09"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20007282"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20007282"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diana J Uribe, Kexiao Guo, Yoon-Joo Shin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K and nucleolin as transcriptional activators of the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter through interaction with secondary DNA structures."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochemistry (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/bi101633b"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/bi101633b"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21466159"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466159"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kumiko Tominaga, Subramanya Srikantan, Eun Kyung Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Competitive regulation of nucleolin expression by HuR and miR-494."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.05955-11"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.05955-11"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21859890"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21859890"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brian F Pickering, Dihua Yu, Michael W Van Dyke "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin protein interacts with microprocessor complex to affect biogenesis of microRNAs 15a and 16."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M111.265439"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.265439"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22049078"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22049078"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Junya Kobayashi, Hiroko Fujimoto, Jun Sato, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin participates in DNA double-strand break-induced damage response through MDC1-dependent pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0049245"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049245"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23145133"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145133"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Keren Farin, Sari Schokoroy, Roni Haklai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogenic synergism between ErbB1, nucleolin, and mutant Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2887"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2887"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21257709"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21257709"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Flavia Pichiorri, Dario Palmieri, Luciana De Luca, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "In vivo NCL targeting affects breast cancer aggressiveness through miRNA regulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20120950"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20120950"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23610125"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23610125"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wensheng Qiu, Fang Zhou, Qian Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of nucleolin and different expression sites both related to the prognosis of gastric cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "APMIS (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/apm.12131"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12131"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23763304"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23763304"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael Goldstein, Frederick A Derheimer, Jacqueline Tait-Mulder, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin mediates nucleosome disruption critical for DNA double-strand break repair."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1306160110"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306160110"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24082117"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24082117"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Saxena, C J Rorie, D Dimitrova, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin inhibits Hdm2 by multiple pathways leading to p53 stabilization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1209714"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209714"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16751805"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16751805"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniella Ishimaru, Lisa Zuraw, Sivakumar Ramalingam, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mechanism of regulation of bcl-2 mRNA by nucleolin and A+U-rich element-binding factor 1 (AUF1)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.098830"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.098830"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20571027"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20571027"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kotb Abdelmohsen, Myriam Gorospe "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA-binding protein nucleolin in disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA Biol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/rna.19718"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.19718"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22617883"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22617883"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jillian F Wise, Zuzana Berkova, Rohit Mathur, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin inhibits Fas ligand binding and suppresses Fas-mediated apoptosis in vivo via a surface nucleolin-Fas complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2012-12-471094"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-12-471094"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23599269"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23599269"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sébastien Nisole, Bernard Krust, Ara G Hovanessian "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anchorage of HIV on permissive cells leads to coaggregation of viral particles with surface nucleolin at membrane raft microdomains."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1006/excr.2002.5522"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.2002.5522"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12027446"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12027446"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elias A Said, Bernard Krust, Sébastien Nisole, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The anti-HIV cytokine midkine binds the cell surface-expressed nucleolin as a low affinity receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M201194200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201194200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12147681"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12147681"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kazuya Hirano, Yuichi Miki, Yuriko Hirai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A multifunctional shuttling protein nucleolin is a macrophage receptor for apoptotic cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M505275200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M505275200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16135517"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16135517"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yingchang Mi, Shelia D Thomas, Xiaohua Xu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Apoptosis in leukemia cells is accompanied by alterations in the levels and localization of nucleolin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M207637200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M207637200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12506112"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12506112"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yoko Otake, Tapas K Sengupta, Sumita Bandyopadhyay, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Retinoid-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells is associated with nucleolin down-regulation and destabilization of Bcl-2 mRNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Pharmacol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1124/mol.104.006080"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.104.006080"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15492114"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15492114"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nan Ma, Sachihiro Matsunaga, Hideaki Takata, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin functions in nucleolus formation and chromosome congression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.008771"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.008771"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17535846"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17535846"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Iva Ugrinova, Karine Monier, Corinne Ivaldi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inactivation of nucleolin leads to nucleolar disruption, cell cycle arrest and defects in centrosome duplication."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Mol Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1471-2199-8-66"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-8-66"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17692122"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17692122"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lee Ridley, Ruman Rahman, Marie-Anne Brundler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Multifactorial analysis of predictors of outcome in pediatric intracranial ependymoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neuro Oncol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1215/15228517-2008-036"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2008-036"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18701711"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18701711"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Monique Barel, Ara G Hovanessian, Karin Meibom, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A novel receptor - ligand pathway for entry of Francisella tularensis in monocyte-like THP-1 cells: interaction between surface nucleolin and bacterial elongation factor Tu."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Microbiol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1471-2180-8-145"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-8-145"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18789156"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18789156"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 38, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marie-Estelle Losfeld, Diala El Khoury, Pascal Mariot, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The cell surface expressed nucleolin is a glycoprotein that triggers calcium entry into mammalian cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.039"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.039"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19026635"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19026635"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 39, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Valentina Fogal, Kazuki N Sugahara, Erkki Ruoslahti, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell surface nucleolin antagonist causes endothelial cell apoptosis and normalization of tumor vasculature."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Angiogenesis (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10456-009-9137-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-009-9137-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19225898"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19225898"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 40, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mohamed S Taha, Kazem Nouri, Lech G Milroy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Subcellular fractionation and localization studies reveal a direct interaction of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) with nucleolin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0091465"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091465"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24658146"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24658146"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 41, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nuno A Fonseca, Ana S Rodrigues, Paulo Rodrigues-Santos, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleolin overexpression in breast cancer cell sub-populations with different stem-like phenotype enables targeted intracellular delivery of synergistic drug combination."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomaterials (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.007"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.007"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26283155"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26283155"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 42, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yaron Daniely, Diana D Dimitrova, James A Borowiec "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stress-dependent nucleolin mobilization mediated by p53-nucleolin complex formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.22.16.6014-6022.2002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.22.16.6014-6022.2002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12138209"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12138209"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 43, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tapas K Sengupta, Sumita Bandyopadhyay, Daniel J Fernandes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of nucleolin as an AU-rich element binding protein involved in bcl-2 mRNA stabilization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M309111200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M309111200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14679209"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14679209"}]}]}]}