{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNeuronal calcium sensor‐1 (NCS‐1) is a highly conserved Ca²⁺‐binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of central nervous system signaling. In neurons, NCS‐1 modulates the functional responsiveness of dopamine receptors, as evidenced by studies demonstrating its role as a regulator of D₂‐autoreceptor desensitization—phenomena implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson’s disease and drug‐induced adaptive states (for example, refs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its evolutionary conserved function—as originally defined in yeast frequenin—is to modulate phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinase activity, supporting a role in phosphoinositide signaling cascades (ref."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In mammalian dopaminergic neurons, NCS‐1 is critically involved in the homeostatic regulation of firing rates and neurotransmitter release, thereby influencing neuronal survival, as seen by its altered expression in post‐mortem brain samples from patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and by its participation in maintaining ER–mitochondria Ca²⁺ transfer in models of Wolfram syndrome."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, studies in the substantia nigra reveal that NCS‐1 expression is upregulated in neuroprotective contexts and is linked to adaptive dopamine receptor signaling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Single‐molecule and molecular dynamics analyses have detailed its folding dynamics and structural sensitivity, including the effects of disease‐associated mutations (for example, the autism‐linked R102Q change) that alter its conformational flexibility and Ca²⁺‐dependent membrane cycling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " A comprehensive review summarizes these neuronal signaling roles, emphasizing the importance of NCS‐1 in Ca²⁺ dynamics and synaptic plasticity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its canonical neuronal functions, NCS‐1 is expressed in multiple non‐neuronal cell types where it influences diverse cellular processes—including membrane excitability, secretion, cell survival and motility. In cardiomyocytes, for instance, its presence has been noted although its precise roles remain unclear"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in immune cells such as neutrophils and mast cells NCS‐1 participates in regulated exocytosis and in the orchestration of receptor‐triggered endocytic recycling that underlies ERK signaling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Other studies have linked NCS‐1 to Ca²⁺ handling in the context of chemotherapeutic effects—where calpain‐mediated degradation of NCS‐1 contributes to paclitaxel‐induced alterations in intracellular Ca²⁺ signalling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, altered NCS‐1 expression has been observed in peripheral blood cells from patients with psychiatric disorders"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and overexpression of NCS‐1 is associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes in breast cancer as well as with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, NCS‐1 signaling is modulated by inflammatory stimuli through NFκB‐dependent pathways and by redox conditions that promote the formation of disulfide‐linked dimers with altered target inhibition—findings that extend its regulatory repertoire to include modulation of surface ion channels such as TRPA1 via PI3K‐dependent mechanisms"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, analyses of NCS‐1 transcript variants have indicated that the predominant isoform is likely the functional form, with rare variants displaying significantly reduced Ca²⁺ affinity"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "additional insights come from studies on variant expression, as shown in ref."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Phil Ok Koh, Ashiwel S Undie, Nadine Kabbani, et al. 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