{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNeuropeptide Y (NPY) is a multifunctional peptide that plays a pivotal role in regulating stress‐related and neuropsychiatric processes. A number of genetic studies have demonstrated that natural variation in the NPY gene influences stress responsiveness, emotional regulation, and risk for psychiatric disorders. For example, functional polymorphisms affecting NPY expression have been linked to altered amygdala activation, anxiety, panic disorder, and even predisposition toward alcohol misuse and attention‐deficit disorders. In addition, NPY released in key brain regions such as the limbic system and non‐preganglionic Edinger–Westphal nucleus helps mediate adaptive responses to stress and may bolster resilience through its anxiolytic actions and modulation of reward circuits."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn parallel, NPY is a central mediator of metabolic balance and feeding behavior. Its widespread expression along the gut–brain axis and within distinct hypothalamic nuclei (including the arcuate and dorsomedial regions) enables NPY to integrate peripheral energy signals such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. These interactions govern not only food intake and energy expenditure but also influence body weight regulation, with genetic and epigenetic modifications in the NPY gene being associated with obesity traits, altered glucose homeostasis, and even responses to dietary interventions. Complementary studies have highlighted the involvement of NPY in modulating ionic channels in orexigenic neurons and its colocalization with other appetite‐regulating peptides, emphasizing its key role as an integrative metabolic sensor."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "15", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its central neuromodulatory and metabolic roles, NPY also influences peripheral systems that contribute to cardiovascular regulation, immune responses, and cell survival. It contributes to vasoconstriction during cold‐induced sympathetic activation, participates in the modulation of atherosclerotic processes, and can affect tumor cell behavior by modulating receptor‐mediated signaling in cancers such as prostate cancer and neuroblastoma. Furthermore, proteolytic processing of NPY in circulation can modify its receptor binding profile, thereby altering its functional output in contexts as diverse as arrhythmogenesis during myocardial infarction, neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders (including Alzheimer’s disease), and even immune cell migration and polarization in conditions like vitiligo and chronic pain syndromes. Collectively, these findings underscore the “many faces” of NPY as a master regulator in both central and peripheral physiology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "40"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E Ilveskoski, O A Kajander, T Lehtimäki, et al. 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