{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe coordinated function of motile cilia relies on the assembly and integration of multiprotein complexes such as the outer dynein arms (ODAs), which generate the mechanical force required for ciliary beating. Studies have demonstrated that components of the ODA docking complex, including TTC25, are essential for the proper attachment of ODAs to the ciliary axoneme. Although TTC25 is highlighted as a novel member of the ODA docking complex—with its deficiency leading to absent ODAs and impaired ciliary motility in primary ciliary dyskinesia—its functional context underscores the intricate assembly mechanisms in which proteins like ODAD4 participate."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn related research that explores the broader impacts of ciliary function on human health, additional cilium-related genes such as TTC25 have been implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorder. The involvement of TTC25 in cilium movement and its overexpression in brain regions emphasizes that the molecular machinery governing ciliary motility—which encompasses components like ODAD4—is not only critical for respiratory and left–right asymmetry functions but may also influence neurological traits."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurther extending the functional relevance of ciliary proteins, exome sequencing analyses in patients with transposition of the great arteries have identified deleterious variants in several ciliary genes, including ODAD4. This finding supports the concept that ODAD4 is a key contributor to the formation and stability of the outer dynein arm and central apparatus in motile cilia. Disruption of ODAD4’s function is thus likely to impair ciliary beating, with downstream effects on embryonic left–right patterning and cardiac morphogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Julia Wallmeier, Hidetaka Shiratori, Gerard W Dougherty, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TTC25 Deficiency Results in Defects of the Outer Dynein Arm Docking Machinery and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Left-Right Body Asymmetry Randomization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Hum Genet (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27486780"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27486780"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dina Vojinovic, Nathalie Brison, Shahzad Ahmad, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Variants in TTC25 affect autistic trait in patients with autism spectrum disorder and general population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Hum Genet (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ejhg.2017.82"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.82"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28513607"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28513607"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marlon De Ita, Javier Gaytán-Cervantes, Bulmaro Cisneros, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clustering of Genetic Anomalies of Cilia Outer Dynein Arm and Central Apparatus in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genes (Basel) (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/genes13091662"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13091662"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36140829"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36140829"}]}]}]}