{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOdontogenic ameloblast‐associated protein (ODAM) is a highly conserved molecule originally identified in the enamel organ as Apin and subsequently shown to play pivotal roles in tooth development. In dental tissues, ODAM is expressed predominantly by maturation‐stage ameloblasts and, together with its fragments detectable as amyloid deposits, it contributes to enamel matrix formation and mineralization. Its distinct subcellular localizations—including the Golgi region, cytoplasm, and even the nucleus in certain contexts—suggest that ODAM participates in diverse processes such as cellular differentiation and adhesive interactions at the cell–tooth interface. In addition, its expression in gingival and periodontal epithelial cells and identification of genetic variants associated with dental fluorosis further underscore its essential involvement in odontogenesis and enamel biomineralization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its developmental functions, ODAM is expressed in several epithelial neoplasms—including tumors of the breast, melanoma, colorectal, and gastrointestinal stromal origins—where its expression is often altered. In these contexts, ODAM appears to function largely as a tumor suppressor by enhancing cellular adhesion via activation of RhoA signaling cascades and upregulation of PTEN, leading to inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and consequent inhibition of cell migration, invasion, and overall tumorigenicity. Moreover, regulatory mechanisms such as circRNA-mediated modulation of ODAM levels further influence tumor progression, notably in lung adenocarcinoma, thereby positioning ODAM as a promising prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alan Solomon, Charles L Murphy, Kristal Weaver, et al. 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