PAPOLA Gene

Name	poly(A) polymerase alpha
Description	The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family. It is required for the addition of adenosine residues for the creation of the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNAs. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPAPOLA (poly(A) polymerase α) is a key enzyme in the maturation of nearly all eukaryotic mRNAs, responsible for adding the poly(A) tail following cleavage at the 3′-end. This tail not only stabilizes transcripts but can also influence subsequent splicing events, as certain intron excision steps occur after polyadenylation. In fact, data indicate that the nuclear poly(A) binding protein (PABPN1) collaborates with PAPOLA to promote the removal of specific introns post‑polyadenylation, emphasizing a coordinated relationship between 3′‑end formation and splicing. Complementary in vivo experiments using pulse‑labeling techniques have underscored the importance of this interplay, showing that disruption of factors that normally stimulate PAPOLA activity results in shortened or inefficient poly(A) tail synthesis. Moreover, studies dissecting the specificity of canonical poly(A) polymerases (including PAPOLA) versus related non‑canonical enzymes (e.g., Star‑PAP) have further refined our understanding of the distinct pre‑mRNA targets managed by these complexes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its central role in polyadenylation, PAPOLA has significant regulatory implications in disease contexts. In breast cancer, for example, PAPOLA overexpression has been strongly correlated with the aggressive triple‑negative subtype. Experimental silencing and overexpression studies in cancer cell lines have demonstrated that PAPOLA levels can affect the processing of key regulatory mRNAs, such as cyclin D1, by modulating 3′‑untranslated region length and thereby altering transcript abundance and protein expression. These findings suggest that PAPOLA not only executes a fundamental biochemical role in mRNA maturation but also can influence cell proliferation and survival pathways, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional layers of control ensure that PAPOLA’s activity is finely tuned within the cell. The PAPOLA mRNA itself is subject to translational regulation through conserved upstream open reading frames in its 5′‑UTR, a mechanism that adjusts the enzyme’s expression in response to cellular demands. This post‑transcriptional regulation highlights the importance of maintaining proper polyadenylation dynamics to ensure accurate gene expression in both normal physiology and pathological states."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}]}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lisa Muniz, Lee Davidson, Steven West "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Poly(A) Polymerase and the Nuclear Poly(A) Binding Protein, PABPN1, Coordinate the Splicing and Degradation of a Subset of Human Pre-mRNAs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.00123-15"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00123-15"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25896913"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25896913"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Uwe Kühn, Juliane Buschmann, Elmar Wahle "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The nuclear poly(A) binding protein of mammals, but not of fission yeast, participates in mRNA polyadenylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1261/rna.057026.116"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.057026.116"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28096519"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28096519"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Divya T Kandala, Nimmy Mohan, Vivekanand A, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CstF-64 and 3'-UTR cis-element determine Star-PAP specificity for target mRNA selection by excluding PAPα."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleic Acids Res (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/nar/gkv1074"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1074"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26496945"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26496945"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chrysoula Komini, Irini Theohari, Andromachi Lambrianidou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PAPOLA contributes to cyclin D1 mRNA alternative polyadenylation and promotes breast cancer cell proliferation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.252304"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.252304"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33712453"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33712453"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aikaterini Rapti, Theoni Trangas, Martina Samiotaki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The structure of the 5'-untranslated region of mammalian poly(A) polymerase-alpha mRNA suggests a mechanism of translational regulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biochem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s11010-010-0405-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-010-0405-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20174964"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20174964"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	PAP
Proteins	PAPOA_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	10914
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

PAPOLA has 7,178 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 125 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PAPOLA from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

PAPOLA Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by PAPOLA gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Biocarta Pathways	pathways involving PAPOLA protein from the Biocarta Pathways dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PAPOLA gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with PAPOLA protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with PAPOLA gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PAPOLA gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PAPOLA gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of PAPOLA gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PAPOLA gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing PAPOLA protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing PAPOLA protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing PAPOLA protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing PAPOLA protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with PAPOLA protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	CORUM Protein Complexes	protein complexs containing PAPOLA protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PAPOLA gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with PAPOLA gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with PAPOLA gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PAPOLA gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by PAPOLA gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with PAPOLA gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with PAPOLA gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PAPOLA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with PAPOLA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for PAPOLA protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PAPOLA gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PAPOLA gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PAPOLA gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PAPOLA from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PAPOLA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PAPOLA gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with PAPOLA gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.