{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPCA3, also known as DD3, is a prostate‐specific noncoding RNA that is dramatically overexpressed in malignant prostate tissue compared with benign tissue. Its unique expression pattern makes it one of the most specific biomarkers for prostate cancer and has prompted the development of sensitive quantitative assays (using techniques such as time‐resolved fluorescence RT–PCR and transcription‐mediated amplification) to measure its levels noninvasively in post–digital rectal exam urine specimens. These diagnostic approaches have been shown to improve the specificity of prostate cancer detection, assist in guiding repeat biopsies, and enhance risk prediction when integrated with serum PSA and other clinical parameters."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its diagnostic value, mechanistic studies have begun to unravel the molecular function of PCA3. Characterized as an antisense intronic long noncoding RNA, PCA3 modulates the expression of the tumor suppressor gene PRUNE2 via the formation of a double‐stranded RNA complex that undergoes ADAR‐dependent adenosine‐to‐inosine editing. This regulatory mechanism effectively positions PCA3 as a dominant‐negative oncogene. In parallel, experimental silencing of PCA3 in prostate cancer cell models has revealed its involvement in modulating androgen receptor signaling and epithelial–mesenchymal transition pathways—key processes that affect cell survival and tumor aggressiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTechnological advances continue to expand the clinical impact of PCA3. Recent developments include the isolation of extracellular vesicle–associated RNAs and the design of highly selective, electrochemical biosensors capable of detecting PCA3 with high sensitivity—efforts that promise to extend PCA3 testing to point‐of‐care settings. Moreover, integrating PCA3 into multivariable risk calculators and imaging‐guided biopsy algorithms has further refined patient stratification, aiding in active surveillance protocols and optimizing treatment decisions. These innovations underscore the role of PCA3 not only as a diagnostic biomarker but also as a potential molecular target in precision oncology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "39"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daphne Hessels, Jacqueline M T Klein Gunnewiek, Inge van Oort, et al. 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