{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have demonstrated that lncRNA PCAT19 plays a pivotal role in cancer progression by modulating distinct molecular programs. In prostate cancer, a risk SNP (rs11672691) in the promoter region mediates a promoter–enhancer switching mechanism that reduces the expression of the short isoform while enhancing the long isoform. The upregulated PCAT19-long associates with HNRNPAB to activate cell‐cycle genes, thereby promoting tumor growth and metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition, PCAT19 contributes to tumorigenesis in cancers beyond the prostate. In laryngeal cancer, elevated PCAT19 levels are associated with enhanced cell proliferation and a metabolic reprogramming that favors glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration through a miR-182/PDK4 axis. In lung cancer, however, decreased PCAT19 expression correlates with aggressive tumor features, while restoring its levels suppresses proliferation and activates apoptosis via the miR-25-3p/MAP2K4-mediated modulation of MAPK signaling. Moreover, early indications in glioma point to potential regulatory roles of PCAT19 within complex RNA–protein networks."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence further suggests that the oncogenic or tumor‐suppressive functions of PCAT19 may be highly context dependent. In breast cancer, although its precise impact remains to be fully characterized, PCAT19 is under active investigation as a potential biomarker. In bladder cancer, PCAT19 is markedly upregulated and functions as an oncogenic driver by acting as a molecular sponge for miR-335-5p, thereby relieving repression of IER2. This PCAT19/miR-335-5p/IER2 signaling axis enhances cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while inhibiting apoptosis, ultimately promoting malignant progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Junjie Tony Hua, Musaddeque Ahmed, Haiyang Guo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Risk SNP-Mediated Promoter-Enhancer Switching Drives Prostate Cancer through lncRNA PCAT19."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30033362"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30033362"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuai Xu, Jie Guo, Wei Zhang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lncRNA PCAT19 promotes the proliferation of laryngocarcinoma cells via modulation of the miR-182/PDK4 axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biochem (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcb.28552"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28552"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30868666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868666"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yu-Hua Xie, Jiao Hu "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Suppression of long non-coding RNA PCAT19 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and invasion, and increases cell apoptosis through regulation of MELK targeted by miR-142-5p."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genes Genomics (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s13258-020-01003-w"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-020-01003-w"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32980991"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32980991"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bing Wang, Shengrong Yang, Yang Jia, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PCAT19 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting miR-25-3p via Targeting the MAP2K4 Signal Axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dis Markers (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1155/2022/2442094"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2442094"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35615401"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615401"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jianyuan Feng, Jiarui Zhang, Yanling Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibition of lncRNA PCAT19 promotes breast cancer proliferation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Med (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/cam4.5872"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.5872"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36992525"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992525"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chao Wang, Huamao Jiang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long Non-Coding RNA PCAT19 Regulates the Malignant Progression of Bladder Cancer through the miR-335-5p/IER2 Axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2022043175"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2022043175"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36017918"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017918"}]}]}]}