{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPlatelet factor 4 (PF4, also designated CXCL4) is a potent, multifunctional chemokine released from activated platelets that plays a pivotal role in coagulation, thrombosis and immune modulation. Studies have shown that PF4 can form complexes with heparin over a narrow molar range and, by doing so, becomes the target of autoantibodies that trigger heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. PF4 bound to the platelet surface facilitates immune‐complex formation and, in conjunction with other chemokines (for example, RANTES), amplifies monocyte adhesion through interactions involving cell‐surface glycosaminoglycans. Moreover, PF4 directly stimulates neutrophils to undergo exocytosis and supports the generation of activated protein C via thrombin–thrombomodulin complexes—mechanisms that underscore its key roles in both prothrombotic events and innate immune responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its central role in coagulation and immune cell recruitment, PF4 exerts powerful modulatory effects on vascular and stromal biology. It is a well‐documented inhibitor of angiogenesis through its capacity to downregulate fibroblast growth factor–2 signaling and to induce endothelial cell activation (for example, E‐selectin upregulation), thereby influencing atherosclerotic lesion development and tumor microenvironment dynamics. PF4 has also been implicated in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages with altered antigen‐presenting properties, and its altered platelet content has emerged as a potential biomarker in diverse malignancies and hematologic disorders such as myelodysplasia and myelofibrosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPF4 also functions in host defense and immunoregulation beyond thrombosis. In infectious contexts, PF4 can directly bind to pathogens – as demonstrated in studies describing its critical role in the killing of intraerythrocytic malaria parasites by lysing their digestive vacuoles, and in forming complexes with bacterial polyanions that facilitate the opsonization and killing of bacteria. Moreover, emerging data indicate that PF4 and its close variant PF4L1, which differ in their secretory kinetics, participate in hematopoietic stem cell survival and the regulation of inflammatory responses (for example, via engagement of the chemokine receptor CCR1 on monocytes) and may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis. Alterations in PF4 levels have also been linked to antiviral defenses, including suppression of HIV-1 replication."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "23", "end_ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhong Q Li, Weiyi Liu, Kwang S Park, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Defining a second epitope for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis antibodies using KKO, a murine HIT-like monoclonal antibody."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood.v99.4.1230"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.4.1230"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11830470"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11830470"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jens Fleischer, Evelin Grage-Griebenow, Brigitte Kasper, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 inhibits proliferation and cytokine release of activated human T cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.770"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.770"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12097379"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097379"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Birgit I Schenk, Frank Petersen, Hans-Dieter Flad, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet-derived chemokines CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)7, connective tissue-activating peptide III, and CXCL4 differentially affect and cross-regulate neutrophil adhesion and transendothelial migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2602"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2602"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12193731"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12193731"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arne Slungaard, Jose A Fernandez, John H Griffin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 enhances generation of activated protein C in vitro and in vivo."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2002-11-3529"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-11-3529"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12609838"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12609838"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brigitte Kasper, Ernst Brandt, Silvia Bulfone-Paus, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 (PF-4)-induced neutrophil adhesion is controlled by src-kinases, whereas PF-4-mediated exocytosis requires the additional activation of p38 MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2003-08-2802"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-08-2802"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14592823"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592823"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lubica Rauova, Mortimer Poncz, Steven E McKenzie, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2004-04-1544"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-04-1544"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15304392"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15304392"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Philipp von Hundelshausen, Rory R Koenen, Markus Sack, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Heterophilic interactions of platelet factor 4 and RANTES promote monocyte arrest on endothelium."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2004-06-2475"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-06-2475"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15459010"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15459010"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chao Yan Liu, Manuela Battaglia, Seon Ho Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 differentially modulates CD4+CD25+ (regulatory) versus CD4+CD25- (nonregulatory) T cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2680"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2680"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15728475"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15728475"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lubica Rauova, Li Zhai, M Anna Kowalska, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2005-08-3122"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3122"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16304054"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16304054"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka, Norito Katoh, Eiichiro Ueda, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elevated platelet activation in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: increased plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Allergol Int (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2332/allergolint.O-08-537"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.O-08-537"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18797178"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797178"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Martin Kreimann, Sven Brandt, Krystin Krauel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Binding of anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies depends on the thermodynamics of conformational changes in platelet factor 4."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2014-03-559518"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-03-559518"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25150299"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25150299"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "I Nazi, D M Arnold, T E Warkentin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Distinguishing between anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies that can and cannot cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thromb Haemost (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jth.13066"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13066"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26291604"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26291604"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eric Sulpice, Marijke Bryckaert, Julie Lacour, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 inhibits FGF2-induced endothelial cell proliferation via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway but not by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood.V100.9.3087"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V100.9.3087"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12384403"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12384403"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stephanie Pitsilos, Jennifer Hunt, Emile R Mohler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 localization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques: correlation with clinical parameters."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thromb Haemost (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1160/TH03-02-0069"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1160/TH03-02-0069"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14652645"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652645"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guangyao Yu, Ann H Rux, Peihong Ma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endothelial expression of E-selectin is induced by the platelet-specific chemokine platelet factor 4 through LRP in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2004-07-2617"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-07-2617"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15591119"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591119"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Manuel Aivado, Dimitrios Spentzos, Ulrich Germing, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Serum proteome profiling detects myelodysplastic syndromes and identifies CXC chemokine ligands 4 and 7 as markers for advanced disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0610330104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610330104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17220270"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17220270"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brigitte Kasper, Ernst Brandt, Sven Brandau, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 (CXC chemokine ligand 4) differentially regulates respiratory burst, survival, and cytokine expression of human monocytes by using distinct signaling pathways."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2584"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2584"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17675521"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17675521"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christian A Gleissner, Iftach Shaked, Christian Erbel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CXCL4 downregulates the atheroprotective hemoglobin receptor CD163 in human macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circ Res (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.199505"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.199505"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19910578"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19910578"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jo Vandercappellen, Jo Van Damme, Sofie Struyf "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of the CXC chemokines platelet factor-4 (CXCL4/PF-4) and its variant (CXCL4L1/PF-4var) in inflammation, angiogenesis and cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cytokine Growth Factor Rev (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21111666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21111666"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jon E Peterson, David Zurakowski, Joseph E Italiano, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "VEGF, PF4 and PDGF are elevated in platelets of colorectal cancer patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Angiogenesis (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10456-012-9259-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-012-9259-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22402885"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22402885"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bruce S Sachais, Rustem I Litvinov, Serge V Yarovoi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dynamic antibody-binding properties in the pathogenesis of HIT."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2012-01-407262"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-01-407262"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22577175"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22577175"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hélène F E Gleitz, Aurélien J F Dugourd, Nils B Leimkühler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased CXCL4 expression in hematopoietic cells links inflammation and progression of bone marrow fibrosis in MPN."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood.2019004095"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004095"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32726410"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32726410"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Laura Lasagni, Renaud Grepin, Benedetta Mazzinghi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PF-4/CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 exhibit distinct subcellular localization and a differentially regulated mechanism of secretion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2006-10-052035"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-10-052035"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17218382"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17218382"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tina Wiesner, Stefanie Bugl, Frank Mayer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Differential changes in platelet VEGF, Tsp, CXCL12, and CXCL4 in patients with metastatic cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Exp Metastasis (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10585-010-9311-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-010-9311-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20182908"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20182908"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brendan J McMorran, Laura Wieczorski, Karen E Drysdale, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 and Duffy antigen required for platelet killing of Plasmodium falciparum."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1228892"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228892"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23224555"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23224555"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Melissa S Love, Melanie G Millholland, Satish Mishra, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet factor 4 activity against P. falciparum and its translation to nonpeptidic mimics as antimalarials."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Host Microbe (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.017"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.017"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23245326"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245326"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Theodros Solomon Tsegaye, Kerstin Gnirß, Niels Rahe-Meyer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet activation suppresses HIV-1 infection of T cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Retrovirology (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1742-4690-10-48"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-10-48"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23634812"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23634812"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amy Sinclair, Laura Park, Mansi Shah, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CXCR2 and CXCL4 regulate survival and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2015-08-661785"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-08-661785"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27222476"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27222476"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R Palankar, T P Kohler, K Krauel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelets kill bacteria by bridging innate and adaptive immunity via platelet factor 4 and FcγRIIA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thromb Haemost (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jth.13955"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13955"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29350833"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29350833"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "James M Fox, Fahima Kausar, Amy Day, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CXCL4/Platelet Factor 4 is an agonist of CCR1 and drives human monocyte migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-018-27710-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27710-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29930254"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29930254"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Roberto Lande, Ernest Y Lee, Raffaella Palazzo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CXCL4 assembles DNA into liquid crystalline complexes to amplify TLR9-mediated interferon-α production in systemic sclerosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-019-09683-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09683-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31043596"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31043596"}]}]}]}