{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPLAG1 is a developmentally regulated zinc‐finger transcription factor that becomes oncogenic when aberrantly activated by chromosomal rearrangements and gene fusions. In salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas and related neoplasms, diverse translocations and promoter‐swapping events (involving fusion partners such as CTNNB1, LIFR, CHCHD7, among others) result in overexpression of PLAG1, which in turn drives downstream targets including insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and beta‐catenin effectors to stimulate cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. These mechanisms have been demonstrated not only in benign pleomorphic adenomas but also in their malignant counterparts, and are recapitulated in transgenic mouse models that develop tumors bearing pleomorphic adenoma features. Moreover, PLAG1 activity has been implicated in leukemogenesis through cooperation with oncogenic proteins and is even linked to growth regulation in non‐tumorous contexts, as suggested by genome‐wide studies.<br>."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in salivary gland tumors, PLAG1 deregulation is observed across a spectrum of neoplasms including lipoblastoma, Wilms tumor, and certain leukemias. In these contexts, its overexpression is frequently driven by rearrangements—sometimes involving ring chromosomes—and by aberrant post‐transcriptional regulation mediated by microRNAs or upstream factors such as HMGA2. This multifaceted regulation underlies its utility as both a diagnostic marker (by immunohistochemistry or FISH for PLAG1 rearrangements) and a potential therapeutic target. In addition, studies have highlighted that disruption of miRNA‐mediated translational control can result in PLAG1 protein overexpression, which contributes to oncogenic signaling networks and may even promote chemoresistance in certain cancers.<br>."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent investigations further expand the functional landscape of PLAG1 by revealing its interplay with other transcriptional regulators and cellular trafficking machinery. Studies report that co‐activation with HMGA2 may potentiate PLAG1 expression in adipocytic and thyroid tumors, while physical interactions with nuclear import factors such as karyopherin α2 underscore its regulated translocation to the nucleus. In the developmental context, PLAG1 is also involved in promoting neuronal differentiation and modulating hematopoietic stem cell phenotypes, thereby linking its oncogenic potential with normal growth and differentiation processes. Moreover, novel PLAG1 fusion variants have been identified in cutaneous mixed tumors and pediatric fibromyxoid neoplasms, and dual roles have been postulated for PLAG1 in transactivating both proliferative and senescence‐associated genes, suggesting a complex balance between its tumor‐promoting and –restraining functions.<br>."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "31", "end_ref": "45"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carmo Martins, Isabel Fonseca, Lúcia Roque, et al. 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