{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), encoded by the PLAUR gene, plays a key role in kidney pathophysiology. Elevated levels of soluble uPAR (suPAR) have been implicated in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) by activating podocyte β3 integrin, leading to foot process effacement and proteinuria, and higher pre‐transplant suPAR levels predict FSGS recurrence. In addition, uPAR signaling in podocytes is essential for the development of proteinuria in response to inflammatory challenges. These studies also show that dynamic alterations in uPAR expression and cleavage contribute to glomerular disease progression by modulating the interaction between circulating suPAR and its integrin targets."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the context of cancer biology, uPAR contributes significantly to tumor progression. Under hypoxic conditions, increased uPAR expression facilitates epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), enhances cell migration and invasion, and promotes signaling cascades via integrin activation. uPAR directly interacts with extracellular matrix proteins such as vitronectin, modulating integrin-dependent cell adhesion and thereby fostering an invasive phenotype. These observations link uPAR signaling to matrix remodeling and metastatic behavior in various cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nStructural and molecular studies have provided detailed insights into uPAR functionality. High‐resolution crystal structures reveal a flexible, three‐domain architecture that allows uPAR to engage a variety of ligands including urokinase (uPA) and vitronectin, and to adopt multiple conformations that influence its binding affinities. Regulatory mechanisms at the mRNA level, including stabilization mediated by HuR binding to AU‐rich elements in the uPAR mRNA, further control its expression, while proteolytic cleavage of uPAR modulates its signaling capabilities."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond kidney disease and cancer invasion, uPAR is an important mediator of diverse cellular processes. uPAR signaling modulates inflammation and cell migration by interacting with integrins and other co‐receptors, thereby activating kinases such as Akt, ERK, and small GTPases (e.g., Rac1). This receptor is also linked to post‐transcriptional regulation and is negatively regulated by tumor suppressors such as Pdcd4. MicroRNAs further influence uPAR expression, contributing to shifts in the invasive potential of tumor cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nuPAR’s interplay with integrins and extracellular proteolytic systems further underlies its impact on cell adhesion and migration. It directly associates with integrins such as α5β1 and αvβ3 to modify fibronectin or vitronectin binding, rendering cell–matrix adhesions resistant to conventional inhibitory peptides. In various cancers including head and neck and gastric carcinomas, uPAR and its downstream effectors promote angiogenesis and metastasis, while its overexpression in pancreatic and other aggressive tumors correlates with invasive behavior. Additionally, uPAR mediates leukocyte responses, contributing to inflammatory cell recruitment."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFunctional studies using genetic and pharmacologic approaches further establish the centrality of uPAR in mediating signal transduction and cell fate decisions. Interference with uPAR–integrin interactions diminishes ERK activation and matrix metalloproteinase expression; RNAi-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and uPA triggers apoptotic pathways and reduces tumor cell invasiveness. In fibroblasts, the integrity of full-length uPAR is critical for modulating transitions to myofibroblast phenotypes, emphasizing its role in tissue remodeling and wound repair."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "25", "end_ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFinally, uPAR is emerging as a promising therapeutic target, especially in brain malignancies and infectious diseases. Interactions between uPAR and novel ligands—notably SRPX2 in epilepsy and aberrant uPAR-mediated signaling in response to endotoxins—have expanded our understanding of its function in neurobiology and systemic inflammation. Moreover, conjugates that specifically target uPAR-positive tumor cells have shown preclinical efficacy. Such strategies, which exploit uPAR’s multifaceted role in mitogenesis and metastasis, highlight its potential in targeted intervention across a spectrum of uPAR-driven pathologies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "31", "end_ref": "35"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}]}]}]}]}]}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changli Wei, Shafic El Hindi, Jing Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circulating urokinase receptor as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.2411"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2411"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21804539"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21804539"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changli Wei, Clemens C Möller, Mehmet M Altintas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Modification of kidney barrier function by the urokinase receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm1696"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1696"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18084301"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084301"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changli Wei, Howard Trachtman, Jing Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circulating suPAR in two cohorts of primary FSGS."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Am Soc Nephrol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1681/ASN.2012030302"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012030302"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23138488"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23138488"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carlos R Franco Palacios, John C Lieske, Hani M Wadei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urine but not serum soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) may identify cases of recurrent FSGS in kidney transplant candidates."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transplantation (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/TP.0b013e3182977ab1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182977ab1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23736353"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23736353"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jing Huang, Gang Liu, Yi-Miao Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Plasma soluble urokinase receptor levels are increased but do not distinguish primary from secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kidney Int (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ki.2013.55"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.55"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23447064"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23447064"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Robin D Lester, Minji Jo, Valérie Montel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "uPAR induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hypoxic breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200701092"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200701092"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17664334"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17664334"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chris D Madsen, Gian Maria Sarra Ferraris, Annapaola Andolfo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "uPAR-induced cell adhesion and migration: vitronectin provides the key."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200612058"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200612058"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17548516"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17548516"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniela Alfano, Paola Franco, Immacolata Vocca, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor: role in cell growth and apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thromb Haemost (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1160/TH04-09-0592"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1160/TH04-09-0592"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15711734"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15711734"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Songdong Meng, Debu Tripathy, Sanjay Shete, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "uPAR and HER-2 gene status in individual breast cancer cells from blood and tissues."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0608113103"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608113103"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17079488"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17079488"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qing Huai, Andrew P Mazar, Alice Kuo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure of human urokinase plasminogen activator in complex with its receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1121143"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121143"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16456079"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456079"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hoanh Tran, Fabienne Maurer, Yoshikuni Nagamine "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stabilization of urokinase and urokinase receptor mRNAs by HuR is linked to its cytoplasmic accumulation induced by activated mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.23.20.7177-7188.2003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.23.20.7177-7188.2003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14517288"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14517288"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nunzia Montuori, Maria Vincenza Carriero, Salvatore Salzano, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The cleavage of the urokinase receptor regulates its multiple functions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M207494200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M207494200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12297505"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12297505"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Margarita Gutova, Joseph Najbauer, Anna Gevorgyan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of uPAR-positive chemoresistant cells in small cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0000243"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000243"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17327908"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17327908"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Salim S Hayek, Kwi Hye Koh, Morgan E Grams, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A tripartite complex of suPAR, APOL1 risk variants and α"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "sub"}], "href": "sub"}, {"type": "t", "text": "v"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/sub"}], "href": "/sub"}, {"type": "t", "text": "β"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "sub"}], "href": "sub"}, {"type": "t", "text": "3"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/sub"}], "href": "/sub"}, {"type": "t", "text": " integrin on podocytes mediates chronic kidney disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.4362"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4362"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28650456"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28650456"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lihua Sun, Wei Yan, Yingyi Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA-10b induces glioma cell invasion by modulating MMP-14 and uPAR expression via HOXD10."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brain Res (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21419107"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21419107"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chelsea L Loughner, Elspeth A Bruford, Monica S McAndrews, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Organization, evolution and functions of the human and mouse Ly6/uPAR family genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Genomics (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s40246-016-0074-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-016-0074-2"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27098205"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27098205"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J H Leupold, H-S Yang, N H Colburn, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumor suppressor Pdcd4 inhibits invasion/intravasation and regulates urokinase receptor (u-PAR) gene expression via Sp-transcription factors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1210234"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210234"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17297470"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17297470"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Minji Jo, Robin D Lester, Valerie Montel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reversibility of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced in breast cancer cells by activation of urokinase receptor-dependent cell signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.023960"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.023960"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19546228"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19546228"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ying Wei, Ralf-Peter Czekay, Liliane Robillard, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Regulation of alpha5beta1 integrin conformation and function by urokinase receptor binding."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200404112"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200404112"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15684035"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15684035"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Miguel Angel Pavón, Irene Arroyo-Solera, Maria Virtudes Céspedes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 in head and neck cancer: role in tumor resistance, metastasis, prognosis and therapy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.10344"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10344"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27385000"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27385000"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takeshi Kaneko, Hiroyuki Konno, Megumi Baba, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis and poor outcome in gastric cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Sci (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01350.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01350.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12708473"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12708473"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Moitza Principe, Simone Borgoni, Mariafrancesca Cascione, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alpha-enolase (ENO1) controls alpha v/beta 3 integrin expression and regulates pancreatic cancer adhesion, invasion, and metastasis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Hematol Oncol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13045-016-0385-8"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-016-0385-8"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28086938"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28086938"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evi X Stavrou, Chao Fang, Kara L Bane, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Factor XII and uPAR upregulate neutrophil functions to influence wound healing."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Invest (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1172/JCI92880"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI92880"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29376892"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29376892"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bernard Degryse, Massimo Resnati, Ralf-Peter Czekay, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Domain 2 of the urokinase receptor contains an integrin-interacting epitope with intrinsic signaling activity: generation of a new integrin inhibitor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M413954200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M413954200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15863511"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15863511"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elzbieta Pluskota, Dmitry A Soloviev, Edward F Plow "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Convergence of the adhesive and fibrinolytic systems: recognition of urokinase by integrin alpha Mbeta 2 as well as by the urokinase receptor regulates cell adhesion and migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2002-06-1842"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-06-1842"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12393547"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12393547"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hari Raghu, Prasanna Kumar Sodadasu, Rama Rao Malla, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Localization of uPAR and MMP-9 in lipid rafts is critical for migration, invasion and angiogenesis in human breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Cancer (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1471-2407-10-647"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-10-647"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21106094"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21106094"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ying Wei, Chi-Hui Tang, Young Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urokinase receptors are required for alpha 5 beta 1 integrin-mediated signaling in tumor cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M607989200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M607989200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17145753"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17145753"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carmine Selleri, Nunzia Montuori, Patrizia Ricci, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Involvement of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in hematopoietic stem cell mobilization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2004-06-2424"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-06-2424"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15494432"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15494432"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christopher S Gondi, Neelima Kandhukuri, Dzung H Dinh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Down-regulation of uPAR and uPA activates caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17549401"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17549401"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Audrey M Bernstein, Sally S Twining, Debra J Warejcka, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urokinase receptor cleavage: a crucial step in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0912"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0912"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17507651"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17507651"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Harvey W Smith, Pierfrancesco Marra, Christopher J Marshall "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "uPAR promotes formation of the p130Cas-Crk complex to activate Rac through DOCK180."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200712050"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200712050"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18725541"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18725541"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniel A Vallera, Chunbin Li, Ni Jin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on human glioblastoma tumors with diphtheria toxin fusion protein DTAT."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Natl Cancer Inst (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/jnci/94.8.597"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.8.597"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11959893"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11959893"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S D Killeen, J H Wang, E J Andrews, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bacterial endotoxin enhances colorectal cancer cell adhesion and invasion through TLR-4 and NF-kappaB-dependent activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator system."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Br J Cancer (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.bjc.6604942"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604942"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19436306"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19436306"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Minji Jo, Keena S Thomas, Nadzeya Marozkina, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dynamic assembly of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator signaling receptor complex determines the mitogenic activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M413141200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M413141200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15728176"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15728176"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qin Wang, Yunshan Wang, Yi Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of uPAR in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in small airway epithelium of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Respir Res (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1465-9921-14-67"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-14-67"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23806081"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23806081"}]}]}]}