{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nProtein Regulator of Cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) is a pivotal microtubule‐associated protein that orchestrates the organization and bundling of antiparallel microtubules to form a stable spindle midzone, thereby ensuring faithful chromosome segregation and successful cytokinesis. In mammalian cells, PRC1 directly binds and bundles microtubules during late mitosis, and its spatial distribution is precisely controlled by interactions with key mitotic motors—including KIF4, MKLP1, and CENP‐E—and by cell cycle–dependent phosphorylation events. Through these interactions, PRC1 establishes a platform for the recruitment of additional regulators such as Ect2 and CLASP1 that stabilize midzone microtubules and coordinate cleavage furrow positioning. Moreover, structural studies have revealed that PRC1 possesses distinct domains required for microtubule binding versus midbody localization, and its end‐tagging of microtubule plus ends may be tuned by filament length, reflecting a sophisticated mechanism for integrating motor-driven sliding forces during spindle elongation and cytokinesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe precise activity of PRC1 is further modulated by phosphorylation events and interactions with cell cycle regulators. For example, inhibitory phosphorylation by Cdk1 during early mitosis maintains PRC1 in an inactive state, whereas dephosphorylation at the metaphase‐to‐anaphase transition unleashes its bundling activity. In addition, oncogenic stress and tumor suppressor pathways can regulate PRC1 at the transcriptional and post‐translational levels—for instance, p53 has been shown to directly repress PRC1 transcription, and atypical kinases such as CDK16 phosphorylate PRC1 to influence its localization—thus adding additional layers to its temporal control during cell division."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAberrant regulation of PRC1 has been implicated in tumorigenesis across multiple cancer types. Overexpression or mis‐localization of PRC1 can lead to defects in cytokinesis, promoting chromosomal instability, aneuploidy, and the emergence of aggressive tumor phenotypes. In several studies, elevated PRC1 expression correlated with poor clinical outcomes in hepatocellular, breast, ovarian, oral, and prostate cancers, and experimental downregulation of PRC1 in tumor models has been associated with cell cycle arrest, reduced invasive capacity, and inhibited tumor growth. These findings underscore its potential as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "20", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its role in mitosis, a distinct complex also designated PRC1—namely, the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1—is involved in epigenetic gene silencing through histone H2A monoubiquitination. This complex, composed of subunits with multiple paralogs, plays a central role in maintaining transcriptional repression during development and in various disease contexts. Notably, several studies have dissected the modular organization of PRC1 variants, their recruitment by long noncoding RNAs like XIST, and their interactions with complementary proteins that coordinate chromatin compaction and heritable epigenetic memory. Such insights highlight the versatility of the “PRC1” designation in regulating both cell division and chromatin state."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "35"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cristiana Mollinari, Jean-Philippe Kleman, Wei Jiang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PRC1 is a microtubule binding and bundling protein essential to maintain the mitotic spindle midzone."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200111052"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200111052"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12082078"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12082078"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yasuhiro Kurasawa, William C Earnshaw, Yuko Mochizuki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Essential roles of KIF4 and its binding partner PRC1 in organized central spindle midzone formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.emboj.7600347"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600347"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15297875"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15297875"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changjun Zhu, Wei Jiang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell cycle-dependent translocation of PRC1 on the spindle by Kif4 is essential for midzone formation and cytokinesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0408438102"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408438102"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15625105"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15625105"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ulrike Gruneberg, Rüdiger Neef, Xiuling Li, et al. 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