PRH1 Gene

Name proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 1
Description This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous family of proline-rich salivary glycoproteins. The encoded preproprotein undergoes proteolytic processing to generate one or more mature isoforms before secretion from the parotid and submandibular/sublingual glands. Multiple distinct alleles of this locus including the parotid isoelectric-focusing variant slow (PIF-s), the parotid acidic protein (Pa), and the double band slow (Db-s) isoforms have been characterized. The reference genome encodes the Db-s allele. Certain alleles of this gene are associated with susceptibility to dental caries. This gene is located in a cluster of closely related salivary proline-rich proteins on chromosome 12. Co-transcription of this gene with adjacent genes has been observed. Alternate splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]
Summary
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAcidic proline‐rich proteins, such as those encoded by the PRH1 locus, are key salivary components that form part of the acquired pellicle and modulate the adhesion of bacteria implicated in dental caries. Genetic polymorphisms at this locus—exemplified by the Db allele—affect the protein’s structure and function, with allele frequency variations correlating with differences in Streptococcus mutans colonization and caries prevalence among different racial groups. These findings suggest that the PRH1 protein not only contributes to the initial bacterial attachment but may also play a role in mediating host susceptibility to caries."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Disparities in caries susceptibility have further been linked to combinatorial variations in both PRH1 and PRH2 genes. Detailed studies have categorized individuals into distinct phenotypic groups where specific allele combinations—such as those defining the high-risk P4a phenotype (including Db, PIF, and PRP12 variants)—predict greater caries experience, even under rigorous preventive care. This suggests that these salivary protein variants modulate bacterial adhesion dynamics uniquely, influencing caries progression independently of, or in conjunction with, traditional risk factors like sugar intake and oral hygiene practices."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "In addition, emerging evidence indicates that interactions between these PRH1/PRH2 susceptibility phenotypes and microbial factors—such as the virulence profiles of Streptococcus mutans—may further drive the ecological shifts underlying caries development. In populations with lower caries prevalence, such genetic and microbial interplays appear to determine the trajectory of caries progression, underscoring the complexity of host–microbe interactions in the oral cavity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G M Zakhary, R M Clark, S I Bidichandani, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acidic proline-rich protein Db and caries in young children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Dent Res (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1177/154405910708601207"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910708601207"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18037651"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18037651"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nicklas Strömberg, Anders Esberg, Nongfei Sheng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic- and Lifestyle-dependent Dental Caries Defined by the Acidic Proline-rich Protein Genes PRH1 and PRH2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EBioMedicine (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29191562"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29191562"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nongfei Sheng, Lena Mårell, Raviprakash Tumkur Sitaram, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human PRH1, PRH2 susceptibility and resistance and Streptococcus mutans virulence phenotypes specify different microbial profiles in caries."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EBioMedicine (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38364699"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38364699"}]}]}]}
Synonyms PRH2, PA
Proteins PRPC_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID 5554
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions View PRH1's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Co-expressed Genes View PRH1's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines View PRH1's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.

Functional Associations

PRH1 has 2,514 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 74 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PRH1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Dataset Summary
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray tissue samples with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq tissue samples with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of PRH1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PRH1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of PRH1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 transcription factors binding the promoter of PRH1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing PRH1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components co-occuring with PRH1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 cellular components co-occuring with PRH1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of PRH1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with PRH1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores diseases co-occuring with PRH1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases co-occuring with PRH1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRH1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with PRH1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PRH1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PRH1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of PRH1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PRH1 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
GAD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRH1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRH1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with PRH1 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PRH1 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases disease perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections virus perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset.
GTEx eQTL 2025 SNPs regulating expression of PRH1 gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 tissues with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes interacting metabolites for PRH1 protein from the curated HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes dataset.
HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions interacting hub proteins for PRH1 from the curated Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations cell types associated with PRH1 gene from the HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations dataset.
HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with PRH1 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations protein domains predicted for PRH1 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 transcription factors regulating expression of PRH1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of PRH1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
KEA Substrates of Kinases kinases that phosphorylate PRH1 protein from the curated KEA Substrates of Kinases dataset.
KEGG Pathways 2026 pathways involving PRH1 protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of PRH1 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations cellular components containing PRH1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations cellular components predicted to contain PRH1 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset.
NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box Gene Expression Profiles drug perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with PRH1 protein in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset.
PhosphoSitePlus Substrates of Kinases kinases that phosphorylate PRH1 protein from the curated PhosphoSitePlus Substrates of Kinases dataset.
Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PRH1 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 transcription factors regulating expression of PRH1 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset.
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures drug perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas drug perturbations changing expression of PRH1 gene from the Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of PRH1 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors tissue samples with high or low expression of PRH1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of PRH1 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of PRH1 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of PRH1 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues co-occuring with PRH1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues co-occuring with PRH1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.