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This kinase activity is essential for mediating responses to extracellular stimuli such as VEGF and TNF‐α, and its activation can be modulated by intracellular calcium and associated adaptor proteins."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn multiple cancer types PTK2B has emerged as a critical regulator of tumor progression. Mutations in PTK2B have been identified in melanoma, and its aberrant activation has been linked to enhanced cell proliferation, survival and invasion in glioblastoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and multiple myeloma. PTK2B modulates the formation and function of invadopodia through substrates like cortactin and can promote oncogenic signaling by affecting downstream pathways such as MAPK, Akt, and even p53 degradation (in a kinase‐independent manner when mislocalized to the nucleus). 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