{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRAB18 is a conserved small GTPase that localizes principally to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs), where it plays a central role in orchestrating intracellular membrane trafficking and lipid metabolism. Multiple proteomic and imaging studies have demonstrated that the active, GTP‐bound form of RAB18 associates directly with the LD surface, promoting the formation of specialized LD–associated membranes (LAM) that facilitate the mobilization of lipid esters. In addition, RAB18 modulates ER–Golgi trafficking and LD homeostasis through interactions with key regulatory complexes—such as the Rab3GAP complex that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor—and by recruiting lipolytic enzymes (e.g. adipose triglyceride lipase) via the Arf/GBF1 machinery. These processes are critical for maintaining proper ER architecture and for dynamic LD–ER contacts, with alterations observed under metabolic stress conditions including obesity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its metabolic functions, RAB18 is essential for proper human development. Genetic studies have revealed that loss‐of‐function mutations in RAB18—or in its regulatory partners such as RAB3GAP1/2 and TBC1D20—lead to congenital disorders, notably Warburg Micro and Martsolf syndromes. These syndromes manifest with severe neurodevelopmental, ocular, and endocrine abnormalities, and are associated with perturbations in ER structure and defective autophagy. Animal models further support that appropriate RAB18‐regulated membrane trafficking is vital for the formation and maintenance of neuronal and ocular structures throughout development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its roles in lipid handling and development, RAB18 is implicated in diverse cellular contexts including viral infection, oncogenesis, autophagy regulation, and cell migration. During infection with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and dengue viruses, RAB18 interacts with viral nonstructural and core proteins, thereby facilitating the recruitment of viral replicase complexes to lipid droplets and promoting virion assembly. In cancer settings, RAB18 expression is modulated by microRNAs and oncogenic viral proteins, influencing lipogenesis, cell proliferation, and chemotherapeutic sensitivity—for example, in hepatocellular carcinoma and glioma. Furthermore, RAB18 contributes to the regulation of autophagic flux and proteostasis, as well as to the maturation of focal adhesions and directional cell migration via interactions with ER‐resident proteins and other effectors. These multifaceted activities underscore RAB18’s role as a pivotal mediator of membrane dynamics and cellular homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shintaro Ozeki, Jinglei Cheng, Kumi Tauchi-Sato, et al. 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