{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nLong noncoding RNA RAD51‐AS1 (also known as TODRA) has emerged as a multifaceted regulator in cancer biology. In breast cancer, for example, RAD51‐AS1 is transcribed divergently from the RAD51 locus and is under negative regulation by the key transcription factor E2F1. Reduced levels of RAD51‐AS1 are associated with increased RAD51 expression, enhanced homologous recombination activity, and the formation of RAD51‐positive foci, thereby contributing to genomic instability and tumor aggressiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn hepatocellular carcinoma, biologically active corylin induces RAD51‐AS1 expression; the lncRNA then binds directly to RAD51 mRNA, leading to decreased RAD51 protein levels and subsequent impairment of the DNA damage repair capability. This action not only inhibits cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but also enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its roles in malignancies such as epithelial ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer, RAD51‐AS1 also impacts other cellular processes. In ovarian cancer, RAD51‐AS1 is downregulated by E2F1; its altered expression correlates with poor survival and influences cell cycle progression and apoptosis through modulation of p53‐related pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In colorectal cancer, RAD51‐AS1 is typically downregulated, and its enforced expression inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis by acting as a competing endogenous RNA that sponges miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p to upregulate the tumor suppressor NDRG2."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond oncogenesis, RAD51‐AS1 plays a critical role in bone biology. In bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, reduced RAD51‐AS1 expression is observed in patients with osteoporosis, correlating with impaired cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of RAD51‐AS1 promotes these processes by binding to YBX1 and modulating the TGF–β signaling axis—specifically, by inhibiting the translation of negative regulators Smad7 and Smurf2 and transcriptionally upregulating genes such as PCNA and SIVA1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inbal Gazy, David A Zeevi, Paul Renbaum, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TODRA, a lncRNA at the RAD51 Locus, Is Oppositely Regulated to RAD51, and Enhances RAD51-Dependent DSB (Double Strand Break) Repair."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0134120"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134120"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26230935"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26230935"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaodan Zhang, Guoping Liu, Junjun Qiu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E2F1-regulated long non-coding RNA RAD51-AS1 promotes cell cycle progression, inhibits apoptosis and predicts poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-017-04736-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04736-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28667302"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28667302"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chin-Chuan Chen, Chi-Yuan Chen, Shir-Hwa Ueng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Corylin increases the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to chemotherapy through long noncoding RNA RAD51-AS1-mediated inhibition of DNA repair."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41419-018-0575-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0575-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29749376"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29749376"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lu Zhao, Jia Huang, Wenting Liu, et al. 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