{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nVitamin A (retinol) is delivered systemically bound to retinol‐binding protein, which engages the membrane receptor STRA6 to not only transfer its ligand but also to trigger intracellular signaling cascades (via JAK2/STAT pathways) that impact gene transcription. Intracellular retinoid homeostasis is maintained by high‐affinity chaperones—cellular retinol‐binding proteins—that sequester retinol, protect it from nonspecific oxidation, and channel it to enzymes for metabolic activation. These fundamental processes are essential for proper retinoid signaling and underscore the critical role of RBP1/CRBP1 in vitamin A biology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nDetailed structural studies have revealed that CRBP1 undergoes conformational adjustments (“induced fit”) to accommodate retinol and related analogs, thereby ensuring both efficient ligand uptake and protection during intracellular transit. In parallel, tissue‐specific expression studies have shown that CRBP1 is prominently expressed in hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts, where it helps regulate vitamin A storage and may contribute to processes such as portal fibrogenesis; similar roles are evident in endometrial stroma and even in cardiac fibroblasts during remodeling after myocardial injury."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn several malignancies, epigenetic alterations—including promoter hypermethylation—result in diminished CRBP1 expression, thereby perturbing retinoid homeostasis and disrupting retinoic acid–mediated regulatory circuits. Such silencing has been documented in Epstein–Barr virus–associated gastric carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, tongue and cervical cancers, leiomyosarcomas, and laryngeal carcinomas. In many of these tumor types, loss of CRBP1 appears to impair differentiation and facilitate oncogenic proliferation by attenuating retinoid‐dependent transcriptional regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nConversely, in certain contexts aberrant overexpression or sustained activity of RBP1 has been associated with enhanced oncogenic signaling. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, for example, an RBP1–CKAP4 axis has been implicated in promoting autophagy and malignant behaviors, while in non‐small cell lung cancer and through regulation of components of the cell cycle (notably via CDK2‐mediated phosphorylation of retinoblastoma binding partners), RBP1 can modulate proliferation and survival pathways. Additionally, therapeutic restoration of RBP1 expression has been shown to reengage retinoid receptor activity and suppress oncogenic signaling such as PI3K/Akt."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "25", "end_ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, alterations in both tissue and urinary levels of RBP1/CRBP1 have emerged as promising prognostic biomarkers. Elevated urinary excretion of RBP (reflecting tubular injury) predicts long‐term graft loss following renal transplantation, while fluctuating expression levels in neoplastic tissues (including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and cervical lesions) inform on tumor aggressiveness and treatment response. Even in rectal cancer, the search for reliable molecular markers has spurred interest in this retinoid‐regulating protein."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "31", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniel C Berry, Hui Jin, Avijit Majumdar, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochemical properties of purified human retinol dehydrogenase 12 (RDH12): catalytic efficiency toward retinoids and C9 aldehydes and effects of cellular retinol-binding protein type I (CRBPI) and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) on the oxidation and reduction of retinoids."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochemistry (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/bi050226k"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/bi050226k"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15865448"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15865448"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elena Doldo, Gaetana Costanza, Sara Agostinelli, et al. 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