{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRegulator of Chromosome Condensation 1 (RCC1) is the sole guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ran GTPase and plays a central role in fundamental cellular processes such as nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle assembly, and nuclear envelope reformation. By localizing predominantly to chromatin via a positively charged, lysine‐rich N-terminal region, RCC1 establishes a Ran–GTP gradient around chromosomes that is essential for proper mitotic progression and cell cycle control."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nStructural and post‐translational regulatory studies have revealed that RCC1 adopts a seven‐bladed β‐propeller fold and features a uniquely modifiable N-terminal region. Distinct modifications—including Nα-methylation by specific methyltransferases and phosphorylation mediated by cyclin B–cdc2 kinase and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis—fine-tune RCC1’s chromatin affinity and interactions with transport factors. In addition, a flexible “switchback loop” along with the N-terminal tail facilitates its direct association with nucleosomes, underscoring the importance of structural determinants in RCC1’s activity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRCC1’s chromatin binding is a critical determinant for the local production of Ran–GTP, which in turn governs nuclear import/export dynamics, spindle assembly, and kinetochore function. The dynamic association of RCC1 with chromosomes is modulated by its interactions with Ran, Ran-binding proteins (such as RanBP1), and other factors; indeed, perturbations—such as those induced by actinomycin D—can lead to defective spindle organization and even mitotic catastrophe. Through these mechanisms, RCC1 orchestrates precise checkpoint signaling, DNA repair processes, and adaptation to cellular stress."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurthermore, aberrant regulation of RCC1—whether by altered expression, mutation, or misregulated post‐translational modifications—has been implicated in diverse pathological contexts. Viral pathogens (including herpes simplex virus and Epstein–Barr virus) exploit RCC1-dependent mechanisms to facilitate genome circularization, replication, and chromosomal tethering."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, dysregulation of RCC1 contributes to genomic instability and aberrant cell cycle progression in various cancers—such as HPV-related cervical carcinoma, glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric tumors, colorectal liver oligometastases, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcomas—by modulating key checkpoints, oncogenic transcription factors, and cell cycle regulators. Altered RCC1 activity thereby impacts Ran–GTP gradients, kinetochore organization, and nuclear envelope integrity, establishing it as a critical node and promising therapeutic target in malignancy."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "24", "end_ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael E Nemergut, Mark E Lindsay, Amy M Brownawell, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N-terminal alpha-methylation of RCC1 is necessary for stable chromatin association and normal mitosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb1572"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1572"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17435751"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17435751"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fiona E Hood, Paul R Clarke "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RCC1 isoforms differ in their affinity for chromatin, molecular interactions and regulation by phosphorylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.009092"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.009092"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17855385"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17855385"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ouadah Hadjebi, Eduard Casas-Terradellas, Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo, et al. 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