{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nStudies in mouse models reveal that REELD1, which is represented by dynein light chain homologs such as Tcte3-3, is essential for normal sperm function and male germ cell differentiation. Targeted disruption of Tcte3-3 does not grossly alter the flagellar axonemal structure; however, it impairs sperm motility and increases apoptosis during spermatogenesis, resulting in reduced sperm count and compromised fertility. These observations suggest that REELD1 may contribute directly to the regulation of dynein motor activity required for efficient flagellar beating and proper development of haploid germ cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nA complementary investigation has identified that REELD1 is also closely related to a 14-kDa protein—Tctex4—with significant homology to dynein light chains. Notably, Tctex4 interacts specifically with the regulatory subunit CK2β, highlighting a potential role in linking signal transduction pathways with dynein-mediated functions. The high expression of Tctex4 in the testis underscores its importance in modulating intracellular processes crucial for testicular function and possibly influencing the broader aspects of germ cell development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sajid Rashid, Pawel Grzmil, Joerg-Detlef Drenckhahn, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Disruption of the murine dynein light chain gene Tcte3-3 results in asthenozoospermia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reproduction (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1530/REP-09-0243"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-09-0243"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19778998"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19778998"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiyuan Bai, Edward D Chan, Xin Xu "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The protein of a new gene, Tctex4, interacts with protein kinase CK2beta subunit and is highly expressed in mouse testis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01118-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(03"}, {"type": "t", "text": "01118-5) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12849985"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12849985"}]}]}]}