{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe RHD gene encodes the RhD protein, which is a major component of the Rh blood group system expressed on the erythrocyte membrane. Its immunogenicity underlies critical clinical challenges in transfusion medicine and obstetrics, where differences in D antigen density and structure (including weak, partial, and DEL phenotypes) can lead to alloimmunization, hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, and even impact autoimmune responses as observed in conditions such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Advances in non‐invasive prenatal testing that detect fetal RHD sequences in maternal plasma—as well as improved molecular screening for aberrant alleles—have markedly increased the safety of managing RhD‐negative patients, while studies of maternal–fetal genotype incompatibility further implicate this locus in complex disease risk."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the molecular level, the RhD protein is characterized by multiple transmembrane domains and extracellular loops that collectively form several overlapping epitope clusters. Detailed mutagenesis studies have pinpointed critical amino acid determinants necessary for D antigen expression, while homology models based on ammonium transporter templates have suggested that RhD may function as part of a membrane channel. Proper surface expression is contingent upon its association with the ancillary Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG), and alternative splicing—as seen in D(el) individuals—contributes to the spectrum of expressed variants. Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses further highlight distinct allele clusters and categorize clinically significant variants such as D category VI, underscoring the complex structure–function relationships within the RHD gene."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "24", "end_ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nComplementing these insights, advanced molecular techniques—including multiplex PCR, next-generation sequencing, and refined hybrid detection assays—have enabled high-resolution mapping of the extensive genetic diversity at the RHD locus across varied populations. Such population-based studies have revealed geographically and ethnically distinct patterns of RHD allele distribution, unmasking novel hybrid, partial, and weak D variants that correlate with variable antigen expression. These efforts have improved our understanding of genotype–phenotype relationships and enhanced transfusion strategies by informing risk prediction for alloimmunization and guiding the development of more reliable serologic and molecular diagnostic platforms."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "34", "end_ref": "43"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "F Y Chan, N M Cowley, L Wolter, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prenatal RHD gene determination and dosage analysis by PCR: clinical evaluation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prenat Diagn (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/pd.60"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.60"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11288127"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11288127"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Franz F Wagner, Birgit Ladewig, Katharina S Angert, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The DAU allele cluster of the RHD gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2002-01-0320"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-01-0320"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12070041"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12070041"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jean-Marc Costa, Yves Giovangrandi, Pauline Ernault, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fetal RHD genotyping in maternal serum during the first trimester of pregnancy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Br J Haematol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03780.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03780.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12358932"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12358932"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christina G S Palmer, Joni A Turunen, Janet S Sinsheimer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHD maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility increases schizophrenia susceptibility."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Hum Genet (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1086/344659"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1086/344659"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12439825"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12439825"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andrew M Hall, Mark A Vickers, Ewan McLeod, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rh autoantigen presentation to helper T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by malignant B cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2003-10-3563"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-10-3563"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15284121"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15284121"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gregory A Denomme, Franz F Wagner, Bernard J Fernandes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Partial D, weak D types, and novel RHD alleles among 33,864 multiethnic patients: implications for anti-D alloimmunization and prevention."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00586.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00586.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16181204"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16181204"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Günther F Körmöczi, Elisabeth Förstemann, Christian Gabriel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Novel weak D types 31 and 32: adsorption-elution-supported D antigen analysis and comparison to prevalent weak D types."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00580.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00580.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16181207"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16181207"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "I Callebaut, F Dulin, O Bertrand, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hydrophobic cluster analysis and modeling of the human Rh protein three-dimensional structures."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfus Clin Biol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.tracli.2006.02.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2006.02.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16584906"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16584906"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Helios Martínez, Alvaro Rodríguez-Larralde, Mary Helen Izaguirre, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Admixture estimates for Caracas, Venezuela, based on autosomal, Y-chromosome, and mtDNA markers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1353/hub.2007.0032"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2007.0032"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18027815"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18027815"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Helene Polin, Martin Danzer, Waltraud Gaszner, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of RHD alleles with the potential of anti-D immunization among seemingly D- blood donors in Upper Austria."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02046.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02046.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19170995"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19170995"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "X D Wang, B L Wang, S L Ye, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Non-invasive foetal RHD genotyping via real-time PCR of foetal DNA from Chinese RhD-negative maternal plasma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Clin Invest (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02148.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02148.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19545247"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19545247"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Monique Silvy, Sophie Simon, Julia Gouvitsos, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weak D and DEL alleles detected by routine SNaPshot genotyping: identification of four novel RHD alleles."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02830.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02830.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20723165"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20723165"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kevin J Pirelli, Bradley C Pietz, Susan T Johnson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular determination of RHD zygosity: predicting risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn related to anti-D."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prenat Diagn (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/pd.2652"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.2652"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21072752"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21072752"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "B R Cruz, A K Chiba, E Moritz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHD alleles in Brazilian blood donors with weak D or D-negative phenotypes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfus Med (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-3148.2011.01129.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2011.01129.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22211984"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22211984"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Monique Silvy, Sylvie Chapel-Fernandes, Isabelle Callebaut, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization of novel RHD alleles: relationship between phenotype, genotype, and trimeric architecture."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03544.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03544.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22320258"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22320258"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jaroslav Flegr, Jan Geryk, Jindra Volný, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rhesus factor modulation of effects of smoking and age on psychomotor performance, intelligence, personality profile, and health in Czech soldiers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0049478"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049478"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23209579"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209579"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inge von Zabern, Franz F Wagner, Joann M Moulds, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "D category IV: a group of clinically relevant and phylogenetically diverse partial D."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12145"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12145"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23461862"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23461862"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frederik Banch Clausen, Tanja Roien Jakobsen, Klaus Rieneck, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pre-analytical conditions in non-invasive prenatal testing of cell-free fetal RHD."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0076990"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076990"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24204719"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24204719"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stacy A Scott, Lisa Nagl, Louise Tilley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The RHD(1227G>A) DEL-associated allele is the most prevalent DEL allele in Australian D- blood donors with C+ and/or E+ phenotypes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12701"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12701"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24894016"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24894016"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Luciana Della Valle, Serge E Dohmen, Onno J H M Verhagen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The majority of human memory B cells recognizing RhD and tetanus resides in IgM+ B cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.1400706"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1400706"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24965774"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24965774"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vicky S T Van Sandt, Christoph Gassner, Marie-Paule Emonds, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHD variants in Flanders, Belgium."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12947"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12947"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25413499"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25413499"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Wang, B L Wang, W Xu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anti-D alloimmunisation in pregnant women with DEL phenotype in China."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfus Med (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/tme.12211"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/tme.12211"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26033335"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26033335"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jay S Raval, Kathleen M Madden, Matthew D Neal, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anti-D alloimmunization in Rh(D) negative adults with severe traumatic injury."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.16493"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.16493"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34269429"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269429"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "W Liu, N D Avent, J W Jones, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular configuration of Rh D epitopes as defined by site-directed mutagenesis and expression of mutant Rh constructs in K562 erythroleukemia cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (1999)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10590042"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10590042"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "France Noizat-Pirenne, Pierre-Yves Le Pennec, Isabelle Mouro, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular background of D(C)(e) haplotypes within the white population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00097.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00097.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12084172"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084172"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Isabelle Mouro-Chanteloup, Anne Marie D'Ambrosio, Pierre Gane, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell-surface expression of RhD blood group polypeptide is posttranscriptionally regulated by the RhAG glycoprotein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12130520"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130520"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hideki Innan "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A two-locus gene conversion model with selection and its application to the human RHCE and RHD genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1031592100"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1031592100"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12857961"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12857961"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chao-Peng Shao, Wen Xiong, Yi-Yan Zhou "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Multiple isoforms excluding normal RhD mRNA detected in Rh blood group Del phenotype with RHD 1227A allele."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfus Apher Sci (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.transci.2005.10.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2005.10.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16510313"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16510313"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Martine G H M Grootkerk-Tax, Joyce D van Wintershoven, Peter C Ligthart, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHD(T201R, F223V) cluster analysis in five different ethnic groups and serologic characterization of a new Ethiopian variant DARE, the DIII type 6, and the RHD(F223V)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00759.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00759.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16584437"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16584437"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rosa Esteban, Rosa Montero, Willy A Flegel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The D category VI type 4 allele is prevalent in the Spanish population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00762.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00762.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16584438"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16584438"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Willy A Flegel, Inge von Zabern, Andrea Doescher, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "DCS-1, DCS-2, and DFV share amino acid substitutions at the extracellular RhD protein vestibule."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01506.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01506.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17900276"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17900276"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yann Fichou, Jian-Min Chen, Cédric Le Maréchal, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weak D caused by a founder deletion in the RHD gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03606.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03606.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22420867"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22420867"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Connie M Westhoff, Sunitha Vege, Christine Halter Hipsky, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHCE"}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ceTI encodes partial c and partial e and is often in cis to RHD"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "DIVa."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03800.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03800.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22804620"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804620"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qing Chen, Willy A Flegel "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Random survey for RHD alleles among D+ European persons."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00181.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00181.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15987365"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15987365"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jaroslav Flegr, Martina Novotná, Anna Fialová, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The influence of RhD phenotype on toxoplasmosis- and age-associated changes in personality profile of blood donors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Folia Parasitol (Praha) (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20608477"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20608477"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S Stabentheiner, M Danzer, N Niklas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overcoming methodical limits of standard RHD genotyping by next-generation sequencing."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vox Sang (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01444.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01444.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21133932"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21133932"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yann Fichou, Cédric Le Maréchal, Déborah Jamet, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Establishment of a medium-throughput approach for the genotyping of RHD variants and report of nine novel rare alleles."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23228153"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23228153"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 38, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yann Fichou, Cédric Le Maréchal, Laurence Bryckaert, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A convenient qualitative and quantitative method to investigate RHD-RHCE hybrid genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12179"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12179"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23550903"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23550903"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 39, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Agnieszka Orzińska, Katarzyna Guz, Helene Polin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHD variants in Polish blood donors routinely typed as D-."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12230"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12230"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23634715"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23634715"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 40, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Connie M Westhoff, Sunitha Vege, Trina Horn, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RHCE"}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ceMO is frequently in cis to RHD"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "DAU0 and encodes a hr(S) -, hr(B) -, RH:-61 phenotype in black persons: clinical significance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12271"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12271"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23772606"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772606"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 41, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thomas Granier, Sophie Beley, Jacques Chiaroni, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A comprehensive survey of both RHD and RHCE allele frequencies in sub-Saharan Africa."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.12409"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12409"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24033223"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033223"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 42, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yann Fichou, Pierre Gehannin, Manon Corre, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Extensive functional analyses of RHD splice site variants: Insights into the potential role of splicing in the physiology of Rh."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transfusion (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/trf.13083"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13083"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25808592"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25808592"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 43, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K Ogasawara, K Sasaki, K Isa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weak D alleles in Japanese: a c.960G>A silent mutation in exon 7 of the RHD gene that affects D expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vox Sang (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/vox.12322"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12322"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26340140"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26340140"}]}]}]}