{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRIG-I is a key cytosolic sensor that detects viral RNA and initiates innate antiviral immune responses. It recognizes RNAs that bear non‐self features – including double‐stranded structures or single‐stranded RNA with a 5′–triphosphate – which are hallmarks of viral replication. Upon ligand binding, RIG-I undergoes conformational changes that expose its amino‐terminal caspase recruitment domains, thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades leading to the activation of transcription factors such as IRF3 and NF‑κB and the production of type I interferon. In this manner, RIG-I orchestrates the rapid antiviral state that distinguishes viral RNA from host self–RNA."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the mechanistic level, activation of RIG-I depends on its direct binding to viral RNAs and a subsequent series of structural rearrangements and posttranslational modifications. Structural analyses reveal that RNA binding – often in conjunction with ATP binding – induces a closed conformation in which the helicase and regulatory domains assemble on the viral RNA, thereby releasing the CARDs for signaling. Importantly, RIG-I activation is further refined through Lys63–linked polyubiquitination mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases (such as TRIM25), which induces formation of a multimeric CARD complex that robustly engages the mitochondrial adaptor MAVS. These molecular events ensure that only appropriately configured non‐self RNAs trigger the interferon response."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRIG-I’s role is tightly regulated by both host and viral factors. Cellular mechanisms – including specific cap methylation of host RNAs and non‐covalent interactions with free polyubiquitin chains – prevent inadvertent RIG-I activation by self–RNA, whereas viruses have evolved multiple antagonistic strategies (for example, through the action of NS1, NS3/4A, or other viral proteins) to disrupt RIG-I signaling. 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