{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe basic leucine zipper ATF‐like transcription factor (commonly known as BATF) is a pivotal regulator of immune cell differentiation and function. BATF forms critical complexes with partners such as IRF4 and Jun proteins to control gene expression in multiple lymphocyte lineages. In CD4⁺ T cells, BATF is indispensable for the differentiation of T helper subtypes—including Th17, Th9, and follicular helper T cells—by directly binding promoters and enhancers of key cytokine and lineage‐specific genes. It further orchestrates chromatin remodeling events, promoting accessibility at regulatory regions, and thereby drives cellular commitment in both adaptive and innate immune responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBATF also plays central roles in regulating effector functions and cellular metabolism. In CD8⁺ T cells, BATF expression—often modulated by cytokines such as IL‑21—sustains antiviral and antitumor responses by cooperating with IRF4 to control transcription factors (for example, T‐bet, Blimp‑1) while restraining premature effector molecule expression, thereby preventing exhaustion. In B cells, BATF contributes to immunoglobulin class switch recombination by activating key genes including activation‐induced cytidine deaminase and relevant germline transcripts. Moreover, BATF-mediated gene regulation extends to innate lymphoid cells and tissue‐resident regulatory T cells where its effects on enhancer accessibility and chromatin looping underlie cellular plasticity and homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in modulating lineage-specific transcription programs, BATF’s ability to reshape chromatin structure—including the recruitment of architectural proteins to establish enhancer–promoter loops—underscores its function as a versatile pioneer factor. Its tightly regulated expression is necessary for ensuring proper immune cell development, preventing aberrant inflammatory responses such as autoimmunity and allergic diseases, and even influencing outcomes in transplant rejection. The diverse functions of BATF have rendered it an attractive target for therapeutic modulation in contexts ranging from chronic infections and cancer to autoimmunity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "20", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takeshi Senga, Takashi Iwamoto, Sean E Humphrey, et al. 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