{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRo60 is an evolutionarily conserved, ring‐shaped RNA–binding protein best known for its association with noncoding Y RNAs. In animal cells—and even in some bacteria—a key function of Ro60 is to contribute to RNA quality control by selectively binding misfolded or aberrantly structured noncoding RNAs, thereby facilitating their surveillance and degradation. In addition, distinct Y RNAs (for example, Y5 and Y3) not only assemble with Ro60 but also modulate its stability and subcellular localization, for instance by tethering Ro60 to ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in ribosomal RNA surveillance and by regulating its transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the context of autoimmunity, Ro60 plays an instrumental role in linking RNA metabolism to inflammatory signaling. For example, Ro60 binds endogenous Alu retroelement–derived RNAs that are inducible by type I interferon; loss of Ro60 in human cells leads to enhanced Alu RNA expression and upregulation of interferon‐regulated genes, thereby promoting a proinflammatory milieu. In parallel, Ro60-associated single-stranded RNAs have been shown to drive Toll-like receptor–dependent cytokine secretion by macrophages, contributing to tissue injury such as in congenital heart block, while the regulated externalization of Ro60 on apoptotic cells (a process dependent on Y RNA binding) is pivotal for the formation of pathogenic immune complexes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRo60 trafficking and expression are dynamically regulated by additional cellular factors and stress signals. Following ultraviolet irradiation or apoptotic stimuli, Ro60 undergoes marked subcellular relocalization—a process influenced by adaptor proteins such as the zipcode-binding protein ZBP1 in a Y RNA-dependent manner. Moreover, its abundance and localization can be fine-tuned by regulatory inputs including microRNAs (for example, miR-128), estrogenic signals, and IL-33–mediated activation, which may in turn affect immune cell polarization and photosensitization responses. Interactions with other molecular partners, such as beta2–glycoprotein I on apoptotic cells, further underscore the multifaceted role of Ro60 in maintaining RNA homeostasis while participating in the initiation and propagation of autoimmune responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Robert Hogg, Kathleen Collins "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human Y5 RNA specializes a Ro ribonucleoprotein for 5S ribosomal RNA quality control."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genes Dev (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1101/gad.1603907"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1603907"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18056422"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18056422"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aurélia Belisova, Katharina Semrad, Oliver Mayer, et al. 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