{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRPSAP52 is a long non‐coding RNA originally identified as an antisense transcript to HMGA2 that plays a multifaceted role in tumorigenesis. In pituitary adenomas, RPSAP52 is markedly overexpressed and functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sequestering microRNAs such as miR‐15a, miR‐15b, and miR‐16, which results in the upregulation of HMGA2 and HMGA1 proteins. This molecular mechanism enhances cell cycle progression by promoting the G1‐S transition and downregulating cell cycle inhibitors such as p21Waf1/CIP1 and growth arrest–related proteins like GAS8. In addition, in other neoplastic contexts it can interact with RNA binding proteins (e.g., IGF2BP2) to facilitate the recruitment of oncogenic mRNAs on polysomes and to modulate the balance between oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways (e.g., LIN28B versus let‐7 miRNAs)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn cancers beyond the pituitary gland, RPSAP52 continues to function as an important regulator of tumor cell proliferation and survival. In gastric cancer, the lncRNA acts as a ceRNA for miR-665, which in turn modulates STAT3 levels, leading to enhanced cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and reduced apoptosis. Similarly, in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression of RPSAP52 suppresses miR-423-5p, thereby derepressing its target, the MYBL2 oncogene, which not only boosts cell growth but also triggers cytokine secretion, including IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TGF-β."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its oncogenic roles, RPSAP52 has also been implicated in renal failure. In this context, the lncRNA is upregulated in the plasma of patients and has been shown to interact with miR-423-5p, influencing the expression of GSTM1. This modulation contributes to a reduction in apoptosis of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells under hypoxic conditions, suggesting a protective axis via the RPSAP52/miR-423-5p/GSTM1 pathway."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniela D'Angelo, Paula Mussnich, Romina Sepe, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RPSAP52 lncRNA is overexpressed in pituitary tumors and promotes cell proliferation by acting as miRNA sponge for HMGA proteins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Med (Berl) (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00109-019-01789-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-019-01789-7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31076808"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31076808"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cristina Oliveira-Mateos, Anaís Sánchez-Castillo, Marta Soler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The transcribed pseudogene RPSAP52 enhances the oncofetal HMGA2-IGF2BP2-RAS axis through LIN28B-dependent and independent let-7 inhibition."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-019-11910-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11910-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31484926"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31484926"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniela D'Angelo, Claudio Arra, Alfredo Fusco "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RPSAP52 lncRNA Inhibits p21Waf1/CIP Expression by Interacting With the RNA Binding Protein HuR."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Res (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3727/096504019X15761465603129"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3727/096504019X15761465603129"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31831098"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31831098"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chao He, Yuanyuan Liu, Jinhou Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA RPSAP52 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis via modulating miR-665/STAT3 in gastric cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bioengineered (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/21655979.2022.2054754"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2054754"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35322746"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35322746"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaozhen Wu, Zuode Gong, Long Ma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lncRNA RPSAP52 induced the development of tongue squamous cell carcinomas via miR-423-5p/MYBL2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Mol Med (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jcmm.16442"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16442"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33787061"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33787061"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jie Chen, Yu Zheng, Liping Li "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA RPSAP52 regulates miR-423-5p/GSTM1 axis to suppress hypoxia-induced renal proximal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Physiol Biochem (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/13813455.2020.1750657"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2020.1750657"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32299250"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32299250"}]}]}]}