{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRetinoid X receptor‐alpha (RXRA) functions as a versatile and dynamic transcriptional partner that forms heterodimers with numerous nuclear receptors. Structural and biophysical studies have revealed that RXRA adopts an active ligand‐bound conformation—whether in homodimers or as part of heterodimeric complexes with receptors such as retinoic acid receptor (RAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)—thereby facilitating cooperative DNA binding, coactivator recruitment, and allosteric signal transmission. These findings, derived from high‐resolution X‐ray crystallography, cryo–electron microscopy and hydrogen–deuterium exchange experiments, underscore RXRA’s role as an “adaptive partner” that modulates the three‐dimensional architecture of receptor complexes and influences target gene transcription."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn developmental and metabolic contexts, RXRA mediates key physiological events. In the heart, for example, RXRA activity within RXR‐dependent heterodimers is critical for epicardial signalling and cardiomyocyte proliferation, while in placental trophoblasts RXRA–PPARγ complexes regulate invasion and syncytial fusion. In addition, RXRA can be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids—highlighting its putative role as a fatty acid receptor—and its expression is subject to modulation by specific microRNAs that impact cholesterol homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRXRA also contributes prominently to immune regulation and oncogenic processes. It can act as a direct repressor of transcription factors—for instance, by binding to vitamin‐responsive elements in NRF2 target gene promoters—while also affecting apoptotic pathways through regulation of nuclear export (as seen with Nur77). Notably, RXRA mutations or the generation of truncated RXRA isoforms have been implicated in cancer; in bladder cancer, hotspot mutations facilitate an oncogenic PPARγ/RXRA transcriptional programme that impairs inflammatory cytokine expression, and in other contexts, RXRA‐mediated interactions modulate NF‐κB activation. Furthermore, genetic studies indicate that sequence variations in RXRA influence cytokine responses and cellular transformation via microRNA regulatory networks."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "15", "end_ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional studies have explored how RXRA influences cell differentiation and intracellular signalling. For example, investigations in macrophages have demonstrated that loss of RXRA activity impairs apoptotic cell clearance and predisposes to autoimmunity, while in dendritic cells and keratinocytes RXRA‐containing heterodimers help orchestrate gene networks governing differentiation and barrier formation. Moreover, RXRA has been examined in clinical pharmacogenetics studies—though in some instances (such as in tacrolimus metabolism) RXRA‐related polymorphisms appear less contributory—and in leukemia, where fusion proteins involving RXRA perturb normal transcriptional regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "28", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFinally, RXRA emerges as an integrative hub that modulates key signalling pathways via its control of microRNA expression and its interactions with fusion oncoproteins. Through transcriptional cross‐talk with partners such as RAR and STAT5b, RXRA contributes to the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle control, differentiation and apoptosis, thus influencing both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pascal F Egea, André Mitschler, Dino Moras "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular recognition of agonist ligands by RXRs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Endocrinol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/mend.16.5.0823"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.16.5.0823"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11981034"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11981034"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kirsten Prüfer, Julia Barsony "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Retinoid X receptor dominates the nuclear import and export of the unliganded vitamin D receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Endocrinol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/me.2001-0345"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2001-0345"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12145331"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12145331"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xihua Cao, Wen Liu, Feng Lin, et al. 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