{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSelenoprotein M (SELM) is an endoplasmic reticulum‐resident protein distinguished by a conserved redox motif (CXXU) that implies thiol disulfide oxidoreductase activity, thereby contributing to the regulation of redox homeostasis and calcium responses. In the human brain, where SELM is highly expressed, its interaction with galectin‐1 has been identified through yeast two-hybrid screening and verified by complementary biochemical methods, suggesting a role in neuroprotection and the prevention of neurodegeneration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its neurological functions, SELM has emerged as an important player in cancer biology. Studies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have demonstrated that SELM is overexpressed in both cell lines and patient tissues, with its levels gradually increasing in parallel with escalating malignancy grades—indicating its potential use as a biomarker for HCC."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, investigations involving structure–function analyses and molecular dynamics modeling in hepatoma cell lines further support SELM’s involvement in HCC, opening avenues for structure-based drug design."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSELM’s oncogenic role extends to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), where its upregulation correlates with poor prognosis and enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion—effects partly ascribed to the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and the consequent upregulation of matrix metallopeptidases MMP2 and MMP9."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, proteomic studies in cancer cell lines, including fibrosarcoma and breast adenocarcinoma models, have revealed interactions between SELM and cytoplasmic actin isoforms, while exposure to selenium compounds such as sodium selenite and methylseleninic acid differentially modulates SELM expression, underscoring its therapeutic and prognostic potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xifeng Qiao, Jing Tian, Ping Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Galectin-1 is an interactive protein of selenoprotein M in the brain."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Mol Sci (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/ijms141122233"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141122233"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24284396"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284396"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E Guerriero, M Accardo, F Capone, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure-function relationship and evolutionary history of the human selenoprotein M (SelM) found over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochim Biophys Acta (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.12.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.12.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24332979"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332979"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hao Jiang, Qian-Qian Shi, Li-Yuan Ge, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Selenoprotein M stimulates the proliferative and metastatic capacities of renal cell carcinoma through activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Med (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/cam4.2403"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2403"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31274247"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31274247"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E G Varlamova, M V Goltyaev, E E Fesenko "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Protein Partners of Selenoprotein SELM and the Role of Selenium Compounds in Regulation of Its Expression in Human Cancer Cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dokl Biochem Biophys (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1134/S1607672919050065"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1134/S1607672919050065"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31768845"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768845"}]}]}]}