{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSKA3 is a core subunit of the spindle and kinetochore‐associated (Ska) complex that localizes to both the spindle and kinetochores during mitosis, where it is essential for stabilizing kinetochore–microtubule attachments and ensuring the timely transition from metaphase to anaphase. SKA3 achieves this through direct interactions with kinetochore components such as the Ndc80 complex and via regulation by key mitotic kinases—including Aurora B and Cdk1—that phosphorylate multiple sites on the protein. This multisite phosphorylation is critical for promoting SKA3’s binding to its partners, proper recruitment to the kinetochore, and ultimately, accurate chromosome congression and segregation. Loss or mutation of SKA3 disrupts these interactions, triggering activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, mitotic delays, and often leading to catastrophic chromosome missegregation and cell death."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its canonical mitotic functions, SKA3 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and acts as a potent oncogene. Elevated SKA3 levels have been linked to enhanced cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as resistance to apoptosis in malignancies such as prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma. Mechanistically, SKA3 contributes to tumor progression by modulating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways—including the PLK1–AKT axis, PI3K–AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and p53 pathways—and by influencing metabolic reprogramming and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, its expression is subject to regulation by microRNAs, such as miR-133b, and its aberrant upregulation correlates with chromosomal instability and poor clinical outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn parallel, circular RNA isoforms originating from the SKA3 locus (circ‐SKA3) have emerged as important modulators of tumor biology. These circRNAs are capable of promoting cancer cell invasiveness, inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and facilitating intercellular communication by acting as molecular sponges for specific microRNAs, which in turn stabilizes oncogenic proteins. Dysregulation of circ‐SKA3 has been documented in breast cancer, medulloblastoma, and colorectal cancer, underscoring the multifaceted role of SKA3-related transcripts in both intracellular signaling mechanisms and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "23", "end_ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thomas N Gaitanos, Anna Santamaria, A Arockia Jeyaprakash, et al. 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