{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nResearch into systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has revealed that small nucleolar RNA SNORA12, an H/ACA box snoRNA, plays a role in T cell function. In T cells from SLE patients, SNORA12 is expressed at lower levels compared to normal T cells, and its diminished expression correlates with increased disease activity. Functional studies in Jurkat cells showed that overexpression of SNORA12 modulates the expression of several genes including an increase in the activation marker CD69 and a decrease in HIST1H4K expression, along with inhibited interferon gamma secretion. These findings suggest that SNORA12 contributes to T cell dysregulation and may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of SLE."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Disparate studies have analyzed the regulation of glycosylation pathways by examining GalNAc-4-sulfotransferases, enzymes involved in the sulfate modification of glycoproteins. Although unrelated to SNORA12, these investigations provide context regarding the complex regulation of post-translational modifications that can affect protein structure and function across multiple tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Additional research has focused on how the expression levels of carbohydrate sulfotransferases influence the glycosaminoglycan environment, thereby affecting processes such as the conversion of cellular prion proteins to their pathological isoforms. This work underscores the broader impact of gene expression regulation on molecular interactions and protein modifications, serving as a complementary perspective on how dysregulation—like that observed for SNORA12 in T cells—might contribute to disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N-S Lai, H-C Yu, K-Y Huang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Decreased T cell expression of H/ACA box small nucleolar RNA 12 promotes lupus pathogenesis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lupus (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1177/0961203318778362"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203318778362"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29848166"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29848166"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rajeev K Boregowda, YiLing Mi, Hongyin Bu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Differential expression and enzymatic properties of GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase-1 and GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase-2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Glycobiology (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/glycob/cwj024"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwj024"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16079414"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16079414"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Renaud Martin, Sandrine Chantepie, Jérôme Chapuis, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Variation in Chst8 gene expression level affects PrPC to PrPSc conversion efficiency in prion-infected Mov cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.126"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.126"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21982770"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21982770"}]}]}]}