{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSNORA31 is a small nucleolar RNA of the H/ACA class that guides the pseudouridylation of uridine residues in small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs, and it plays a unique role in central nervous system immunity. Studies have shown that heterozygous rare variants of SNORA31 impair neuron‐intrinsic antiviral responses, as evidenced by human pluripotent stem cell–derived cortical neurons becoming susceptible to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. Notably, while these neurons retain normal responses to TLR3 and interferon‑α/β stimulation, their specific abnormal response to HSV-1 suggests that SNORA31 orchestrates an unconventional antiviral immune mechanism in the forebrain, which can be partially rescued by exogenous interferon‑β."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "In complementary studies examining neuronal regulatory proteins, research on Caskin1—a synaptic adaptor binding partner of CASK—has revealed its broad distribution throughout the brain and spinal cord, primarily at synaptic sites. Knockout models have demonstrated that the absence of Caskin1 leads to alterations in gait, enhanced nociception, anxiety-like behavior, and deficits in contextual and cued fear conditioning, highlighting its importance in modulating various behavioral phenotypes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Further investigations into related neuronal scaffold proteins, Caskin1 and Caskin2, have connected these molecules to postsynaptic structure and function. Deletion of both Caskins results in notable deficits in novelty recognition and spatial memory, along with ultrastructural changes in hippocampal synapses and altered AMPA receptor phosphorylation, underscoring their role in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. These findings stand in contrast to the immunomodulatory function of SNORA31, delineating distinct molecular pathways that support neuronal integrity and function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fabien G Lafaille, Oliver Harschnitz, Yoon Seung Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human SNORA31 variations impair cortical neuron-intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 and underlie herpes simplex encephalitis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41591-019-0672-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0672-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31806906"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31806906"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tayo Katano, Keizo Takao, Manabu Abe, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Distribution of Caskin1 protein and phenotypic characterization of its knockout mice using a comprehensive behavioral test battery."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Brain (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13041-018-0407-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-018-0407-2"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30359304"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30359304"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Norbert Bencsik, Szilvia Pusztai, Sándor Borbély, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dendritic spine morphology and memory formation depend on postsynaptic Caskin proteins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-019-53317-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53317-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31727973"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31727973"}]}]}]}